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Broken in Biological Definition

Adenosine triphosphate

... glucose and fatty acids . Initially glucose is broken down into pyruvate in the cytosol . Two ... and adenosine diphosphate , which can be broken down further to another phosphate ion and adenosine monophosphate . ATP can also be broken down to adenosine monophosphate directly, with ...

Cellular respiration

... cellular respiration, this oxidation process is broken down into two basic metabolic pathways : ... entering the Krebs cycle . In this process it is broken down producing energy in the form of ATP (which ... is a process in which pyruvate is partially broken down, but there is no Krebs cycle and no ...

Crassulacean acid metabolism

... uptake CO2 at night and change it into crassulacean acid that can be broken down during the day for sugars. These plants can close their stomata ... and other, simple organic compounds. Malate in particular is easily broken down into pyruvate , which can be phosphorylated into PEP and then be ...

Crassulacean acid metabolism

... uptake CO2 at night and change it into crassulacean acid that can be broken down during the day for sugars. These plants can close their stomata ... and other, simple organic compounds. Malate in particular is easily broken down into pyruvate , which can be phosphorylated into PEP and then be ...

Cell metabolism

... process occurring in living cells by which complex molecules are broken down to produce energy and reducing power. On balance, catabolic reactions ... known as lipid catabolism, is the process of lipids or phospholipids being broken down by lipases . The opposite of fat catabolism is fat anabolism , ...

Citric acid cycle

... enters the citric acid cycle. In protein catabolism , proteins are broken down by protease enzymes into their constituent amino acids. These ... way of gluconeogenesis. In many tissues, especially heart, fatty acids are broken down through a process known as beta oxidation which results in ...

Citric acid cycle

... enters the citric acid cycle. In protein catabolism , proteins are broken down by protease enzymes into their constituent amino acids. These ... way of gluconeogenesis. In many tissues, especially heart, fatty acids are broken down through a process known as beta oxidation which results in ...

Bone

... Bone matrix Bones consist of living animal cells embedded in a calcium carbonate matrix that makes up the main bone material. In the event of a broken bone, the cells are brought out of semi- stasis to repair the matrix. Matrix comprises the other major constituent of bone. It has inorganic and ...

Cell biology

... Golgi to the plasma membrane. From the plasma membrane, proteins destined to be degraded move back into intracellular compartments where they are broken down to their individual amino acids . Techniques Purification of cells and their parts Purification of cells and their parts ...

Enzyme

... in the cell by coupling its synthesis to the oxidation of sugars , which releases more energy than the syntehsis of ATP requires; then the ATP is broken down in turn by other enzymes coupled to other processes, releasing the energy stored in it in order to drive other, otherwise energetically ...

Gene therapy

... vectors containing p53 — a gene that suppresses tumours — directly in to the cancerous tissue, the tumours stopped growing and were broken down by the body. Adenoviruses are larger, DNA-based viruses, which can carry more genes. A problem affecting all virus-based vectors is ...

Glucose

... reactions, glucose is oxidized to eventually form carbon dioxide and water , yielding energy, mostly in the form of ATP . It is also broken down from polysaccharides before use. Chemically joined together, glucose and fructose form sucrose . Starch , cellulose , and glycogen are ...

Immune system

... The immune system is the collection of organs and tissues involved in the adaptive defense of a body against foreign biological material. It may be broken down into the adaptive immune system (only found in vertebrates [1] ), composed of four lymphoid organs ( thymus , lymph nodes , spleen and ...

Lagging strand

... DNA splits in two, forming two "prongs" which resemble a fork (i.e. the " replication fork "). DNA has a ladder-like structure; imagine a ladder broken in half vertically, along the steps. Each half of the ladder now requires a new half to match it. Pol III , the main DNA replication enzyme, ...

Lambda phage

... produce new phages in multiple copies. When all resources of the host are depleted from building new phages, the cell is lysed (the cell membrane is broken down), and the new phages are released. The integration of phage λ takes place at a special attachment site in the bacterial genome, ...

Macromolecule

... of liquid crystals and such elastomers as rubber are examples. Although too small to see, individual pieces of DNA in solution can be broken in two simply by suctioning the solution through an ordinary straw. This is not true of smaller molecules. The 1964 edition of Linus Pauling 's ...

Memory

... In contrast, prospective memory is memory for future intentions, or remembering to remember (Winograd, 1988). Prospective memory can be further broken down into event- and time-based prospective remembering. Time-based prospective memories are triggered by a time-cue, such as going to the doctor ...

Okazaki fragment

... (see DNA replication ). They are later removed by RNAse H , and the last ribonucleotide is removed by and synthesized by Pol I . The nick, or a broken phosphodiester bond remaining between the fragments is linked together by DNA ligase . ...

Parasitology

... and phylogenetics 2 See also 3 External links Fields The study of these diverse organisms means that the subject is often broken up into simpler, more focused units, which use common techniques, even if they are not studying the same organisms or diseases. Much research in ...

Peptide bond

... this bond. The whole arrangement of the four C,O,N,H atoms as well as the two attached carbons in a peptide bond is planar. A peptide bond can be broken by amide hydrolysis (the adding of water). The peptide bonds in proteins are metastable , meaning that in the presence of water they will break ...

Peptide

... approximately. It has also been documented that when certain food proteins such as gluten , casein , egg protein and spinach protein are broken down, opioid peptides are formed. These peptides mimick the effects of morphine , and those who are unable to break them down will experience ...

Photolysis

... Photolysis refers to any chemical reaction in which a compound is broken down by light . Photolysis is a part of photosynthesis , which occurs in the granum of the chloroplast . In photolysis the light absorbed ...

Polysaccharide

... in the human diet. Glycogen Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals . It is a branched polymer of glucose. Glycogen can be broken down to form substrates for respiration, through the process of glycogenolysis . This involves the breaking of most of the C-O-C bonds between the ...

Peptide

... approximately. It has also been documented that when certain food proteins such as gluten , casein , egg protein and spinach protein are broken down, opioid peptides are formed. These peptides mimick the effects of morphine , and those who are unable to break them down will experience ...

Second messenger

... cytosol and across cellular membranes. These intracellular messengers have some properties in common: They can be synthesized/released and broken down again in specific reactions by enzymes. Some (like Ca 2+ ) can be stored in special organelles and quickly released when needed. Their ...

Vestibular system

... of large amounts of alcohol. BPPV BPPV, which is short for Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo , is probably caused by pieces that have broken off from the Otoliths, and have slipped into one of the semicircular canals. In most cases it is the posterior canal that is affected. In certain ...
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(Date:11/25/2009)...nt professors recently received funding from the N...rch beneficial to understanding the environment. T...ackwood, assistant professor in the Department of ... two separate research projects. , His first pro...ties and Functions from the Leaf to the Landscape,...
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