blood

X-ray crystallography

...bservation of myoglobin crystals in dried pools of blood on the decks of whaling ships. X-ray crystallography played a major role in elucidating the double-helix structure of DNA . See Rosalind Franklin , James D. Watson , Francis Crick . Today X-ray crystallography is often used to determine how drug...

Xanthophyll

...lso found in animals , such as egg yolks and blood plasma . The Perdue brand of chicken meat also advertises that its chickens are a healthy golden yellow color because they eat marigold flowers in their feed ....

Vitamin

...derived from Naphthoquinone . Deficiency impairs blood coagulation . Vitamin deficiency and excess An organism can survive for some time without vitamins, although prolonged vitamin deficit results in a disease state, often painful and potentially deadly. Body stores for different vitamins ca...

Yellow fever

...placement, fighting hypotension and transfusion of blood derivates is mostly needed in severe cases. In renal insufficiency - dialysis. A fever victim needs to get lots of rest, fresh air, and drink plenty of fluids. History The Yellow Fever has had several important roles in the history of the Americ...

Twin

...can become entangled, reducing or interrupting the blood supply to the developing fetus. Monochorionic twi...ing one placenta, usually also share the placental blood supply. In rare cases, blood passes disproportionately from one twin to the other through connectin...

Tumor

... lymphangioma , lymphangiosarcoma Tumors of blood cells: hematopoietic cells: leukemia lymphoid cells: non-Hodgkin lymphoma , Hodgkin lymphoma Tumors of germ cells: Teratoma (mature teratoma, immature teratoma) An epithelial tumor is considered malignant if it penetrates the ...

Thermoregulation

...parts of the body, although the circulation of the blood tends to bring about a mean temperature of the int...ts temperature is higher than that of the arterial blood with which it is supplied. Also a certain amount of heat is produced by the changes which the food u...

T cell

...non is called " cross-talk ". See also White blood cell Sources Janeway , et al., Immunobiology. 6th ed., Garland Science, 2005. ISBN 0815341016 . NCBI makes the 5th edition availiable electronically at [1] . Michael H. Ross, et al. Histology: A Text and Atlas , 4th ed., Lippincott ...

Stem cell

... 1 Types 2 Sources of stem cells 2.1 Cord blood stem cells 2.2 Adult stem cells 2.3 Embryonic ...m cells can only become some types of cells: e.g. blood cells , or bone cells . Stem cells are also categorized according to their source, as either ad...

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

...confirm the diagnosis of depression... There is no blood or other biological test to ascertain the presence or absence of a mental illness, as there is for most bodily diseases. If such a test were developed... then the condition would cease to be a mental illness and would be classified, instead, as a sym...

Skin

...an underlying basement membrane . It contains no blood vessels , and is nourished by diffusion from the d...rmis and contains a number of structures including blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscle , glands and lymphatic tissue . It is made up o...

Signal transduction

...oduced by endocrine cells and travel through the blood to reach all parts of the body. Paracrine si...NO serves three main functions: Relaxation of blood vessels . Regulation of exocytosis of neurotransmitters . Cellular immune response . ...

Semen

...culation , usually at the time of orgasm . Like blood , semen consists of two compartments, the cellular compartment ( spermatozoa ) and noncellular compartment ( seminal plasma ). It contains the sperm , which sometimes results in pregnancy following vaginal sex with a female . Semen is a whit...

Blood plasma

Blood plasma is a component of blood . It is the liquid in which blood cells are suspended. Blood plasma contains proteins , nutrients , metabolic end products , ho...

Robert Koch

.... He invented methods to purify the bacillus from blood samples and grow pure cultures. He found that, while it could not survive outside a host for long, anthrax built persisting spores that could last a long time. These spores, embedded in soil, were the cause of unexplained "spontaneous" outbreaks of...

Blood type

A blood type is a description an individual's characteristics of red blood cells due to substances ( carbohydrates and proteins ) on the cell membrane. The two most importa...

Prion

...ake on specialized functions (such as muscle or blood cells). Yeast Prions In 1965 , Brian Cox, a geneticist working with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , described a genetic trait (termed [PSI+]) with an unusual pattern of inheritance . Despite many years of effort, Cox could not identi...

Physiology

... History Anatomist William Harvey described blood circulation in the 17th century , providing the beginning of experimental physiology. Herman Boerhaave is sometimes referred to as the father of physiology due to his exemplary teaching in Leiden and textbook 'Institutiones medicae'(1708). Areas...

Polymerase chain reaction

...omparing his or her DNA with a given sample, e.g., blood from a crime scene can be genetically compared to blood from a suspect. The sample may contain only a tiny amount of DNA, obtained from a source such as blo...

Paternity testing

...viduals, although older methods have included ABO blood group typing , analysis of various other proteins and enzymes , or using HLA antigens . For the most part however, DNA has all but taken over all the other forms of testing. The DNA of an individual is almost exactly the same in each and ev...

Osmoregulation

...ich would be toxic if allowed to accumulate in the blood via organs such as the skin and the kidneys; keepi... processes occur: filtration - fluid portion of blood (plasma) is filtered from nephron (functional unit of vertebrate kidney) structure known as the glom...

Osmosis

...mple of this osmosis in cells can be seen in red blood cells. These contain a high concentration of solutes including salts and protein. When the cells are placed in solution, water rushes in to the area of high solute concentration, bursting the cell. Many plant cells do not burst in the same experi...

Nutrition

... which can eventually result in a blockage or poor blood supply to other organs, e.g. the brain or the heart itself, indirectly therefore causing angina, heart failure, brain disfunctioning, CVAs etc.. An excess of carbohydrates, especially sugars, can lead to imbalances in insulin production. This in t...

Nervous system

...esponsible for the increase of one's heartbeat and blood pressure, among other physiological changes, along...pil, the slowing of the heart, the dilation of the blood vessels, and the stimulation of the digestive and geniturinary systems. Nervous system diversity ...

Nephron

...to supporting human life. The nephron filters the blood by several processes concentrating the filtrates,r...ing so, eliminates wastes from the body, regulates blood volume and blood pressure , regulates the levels of important electrolytes and metabolites and r...

Muscle

...structures such as the intestines , throat and blood vessels . The differences in characteristics o...n which it controls erection of body hair) to the blood vessels and digestive tract (in which it controls the caliber of a lumen and peristalsis ). P...

Magnetic resonance imaging

...nces), where the only signal on an image is due to blood which has recently moved into that plane. Magne...in the MR signal via a mechanism called the BOLD ( blood oxygen level-dependent) effect. Increased neural activity causes an increased demand for oxygen, ...

Antibiotic resistance

...ls. MRSA was responsible for 37% of fatal cases of blood poisoning in the UK in 1999, up from 4% in 1991. Half of all S. aureus infections in the US are resistant to penicillin, methicillin, tetracycline and erythromycin . This left vancomycin as the only effective agent available at the time. How...

Marfan syndrome

...ding the skeleton , lungs , eyes , heart and blood vessels . It is named for the French pediatrici...mitral or aortic valves that control the flow of blood through the heart. This may produce shortness of breath, an irregular pulse , and undue tiredness. ...

Malaria

Red blood cell infected with P.vivax Malaria ( Italia... then turn into merozoites which then enter red blood cells . There they multiply further, periodically breaking out of the red blood cells. The classical...

Lysozyme

...r of N-acetylglucosamine . Lysozyme levels in the blood are often increased in sarcoidosis . In some forms of hereditary amyloid , the cause is a mutation in the lysozyme gene, which leads to accumulated lysozyme in several tissues (). History Alexander Fleming (1881-1955), who discovered penici...

Lung

...ange oxygen from air with carbon dioxide from blood . The process in which this happens is called " ex...e it is carried by hemoglobin . The deoxygenated blood from the heart reaches the lungs via the pulmonary artery and, after having been oxygenated, ret...

Liver

...rface anatomy 1.2 Functional anatomy 1.3 Fetal blood supply 2 Physiology 3 Diseases of the liv...ight kidney . The liver is supplied by two major blood vessels: the hepatic artery and the portal vein . The hepatic artery normally comes off the celi...

Limbic system

...ntrols the autonomic nervous system and regulates blood pressure , heart rate , hunger , thirst , sexual arousal and the sleep/wake cycle. Connected to the pituitary gland and thus regulates the endocrine system. (Not all authors regard the hypothalamus as part of limbic system.) The limbic syst...

Kinesiology

..., like a specific physiological effect (such as blood pressure ). Kinesiology is distinct from applied kinesiology , which is considered to be particular therapeutic approach to improving human health and function which incorporates theoretical knowledge from kinesiology. (Some consider applied ki...

Kidney

...idneys filter wastes (especially urea ) from the blood and excrete them, along with water , as urine ....owman's capsule . Each glomerulus is supplied with blood by an afferent (in-coming) arteriole . The capillary walls of the glomerulus have pores allowing ...

Joint

...capsule by a layer of celluar tissue that contains blood vessels and nerves. Synovial joints can be further grouped by their shape, which controls the movement they allow: Gliding joints , such as in the carpals of the wrist. These joints allow a wide variety of movement, but not much distance. Hin...

Insulin

...if other medications are inadequate in controlling blood glucose levels. Insulin has the empirical formula...lar and metabolic level 4 Regulatory action on blood glucose 5 Signal transduction 6 The brain and hypoglycemia 7 Diseases and syndromes caus...

Immunology

...ch testing is also used to distinguish compatible blood types . Evolutionary immunology Study of the immune system in extant and extinct species is capable of giving us a key understanding of the evolution of species and the immune system. A development of complexity of the immune system can be s...

Immune system

...ial products, complements, damaged cells and white blood cell fragments; chemotaxis is followed by adhesio...ased on immune cells called leukocytes (or white blood cells) that are produced by stem cells in the bone marrow . In many species, including mammals ,...

Human Genome Project

... variety of illnesses, including breast cancer , blood clotting , cystic fibrosis , liver diseases and many others. There are also many tangible benefits for biological scientists. For example, a researcher investigating a certain form of cancer may have narrowed down his search to a particular gene....

Human

.... For example, genes that control the clotting of blood reside on the X chromosome. Women have a blood-cl...ce there is no gene on the Y chromosome to control blood clotting. As a result, men will suffer from hemophilia more often than women. Intelligence Ma...

Homeostasis

...his is mainly done by the skin. The regulation of blood glucose level. This is mainly done by the liver an...n multicellular animals. The body fluids include blood plasma , tissue fluid and intracellular fluid . The maintenance of a steady state in these fluid...

Helper T cell

...r T H ) T cell is a T cell (a type of white blood cell ) which has on its surface antigen receptors that can bind to fragments of antigens displayed by the Class II MHC molecules found on professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Once bound to an antigen, the T H cell proliferates and dif...

Hepatitis B

...virus. This includes unprotected sexual contact, blood transfusions , re-use of contaminated needles and syringes, vertical transmission from mother to child during childbirth, and so on. The primary method of transmission depends on the prevalence of the disease in a given area. In low prevalence area...

Guthrie test

...st described it in 1963. The test is performed on blood samples taken from the heel of the baby, at or before 4 days of age. The test typically screens for the following diseases: Phenylketonuria Hypothyroidism Cystic Fibrosis Galactosemia...

Glycoprotein

...high viscosity , for example, in egg white and blood plasma . See also Proteoglycan Abeta [1]...

Genetic fingerprinting

...ose drain into his arm and filled it with foreign blood and anticoagulants . Cases British baker Colin Pitchfork was the first person to be convicted using DNA evidence in 1988 . The first American to be convicted was Tommie Lee Andrews in 1989 . In 1992 , DNA evidence was used to prove ...

Gene therapy

...esired cells can be extracted easily, such as the blood or liver . In vivo For in vivo techniques the challenge of inserting the genes is even greater. The vector carriers have a difficult task to complete: they must deliver the genes to enough cells for results to be achieved and they have to rem...

Foot and mouth disease

... in 1897 by Friedrich Loeffler . He passed the blood of an infected animal through a fine porcelain-glass filter and found that the fluid that was collected could still cause the disease in healthy animals. FMD occurs throughout much of the world, including parts of Europe , Africa , Asia , and ...

Eugenics

...e to give to the more suitable races or strains of blood a better chance of prevailing speedily over the le...ced the ratio of children born with the hereditary blood disease from 1 out of every 158 births to almost zero. In modern bioethics literature the spectre o...

Enzyme

...n cleaning the clothes (for example, breaking down blood stains). Digestive and metabolic enzymes Nutrition in animals relies on digestive enzymes such as salivary amylase , trypsin and chymotrypsin . Their primary role is for the digestion of food and making nutrients available to all of the bod...

Endosymbiont

...itamins that the tsetse fly does not get from the blood that it eats. The benefit for the bacteria is that it is protected from the environment outside the insect cell, and presumably receives nutrients from the insect. Genome sequencing reveals that obligate bacterial endosymbionts of insects have amon...

Endosymbiont

...itamins that the tsetse fly does not get from the blood that it eats. The benefit for the bacteria is that it is protected from the environment outside the insect cell, and presumably receives nutrients from the insect. Genome sequencing reveals that obligate bacterial endosymbionts of insects have amon...

Cold-blooded

...m in place. Dilating or constricting peripheral blood vessels to adapt more or less quickly to the ambient temperature. Many homeothermic , or warm-blooded, animals also make use of these techniques at times. For example, all animals are at risk of overheating on hot days in the desert sun , and mos...

Ebola

...reparation for this funeral, they removed all the blood and excreta from his body with their bare hands. ...nt may also be going into shock (has a systolic blood pressure of less than 90 mm Hg or a rapid weak pulse). Finally, that patient may have had conta...

Diffusion

...lar-capillary membrane, oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out. Facilitated diffusion The passive transport of ions or molecules by a specific carrier protein in a membrane. As in simple diffusion, net transport is down a concentration gradient, and no additional energy ha...

Dialysis

...method for removing waste such as urea from the blood when the kidneys are incapable of this, i.e. in...eal dialysis . In hemodialysis , the patient's blood is passed through a tube into a machine that filters out waste products. The cleansed blood is then ...

Diabetes mellitus

...y varying or persistent hyperglycemia (elevated blood sugar levels), especially after eating. All types...atient understanding and participation is vital as blood glucose levels change continuously, while successfully keeping blood sugar within normal limits ha...

Cytotoxic T cell

...r T C ) T cell is a T cell (a type of white blood cell ) which has on its surface antigen receptors that can bind to fragments of antigens displayed by the Class I MHC molecules of virus infected somatic cells and tumor cells. Once activated by a MHC-antigen complex, T C cells release the p...