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...ision at this time (for more information refer to biological life cycles ). Twins and multiple births can be monozygotic (identical) or dizygotic (fraternal). See also Pregnancy Zygote intrafallopian transfer Embryogenesis Biological life cycle......Greek zoon = animal and logos = word) is the biological discipline which involves the study of animals . Contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 History of zoology 2 Branches of biology relevant to zoology 3 Systems of classification 4 Notable zoologists 5 See also 6 So...This article is concerned with virus as a biological infectious particle; for other uses of the term se...ound in the article Plural of virus . A list of biological viruses has also been prepared. A virus is a small particle that infects cells in biologi......le a meteor from another planet)? Why have so many biological systems developed sexual reproduction ? How do organisms recognize like species? How are the sizes of cells, organs , and bodies controlled? DNA / Genome . Do all organisms link together to a primary source? Is the translation of the genet......to a solvent such as water but not to solutes. A biological cell , for example a plant cell, contains ions , sugars , amino acids , and other substances. In a hypotonic environment, water flows across the plasma membrane into the cell (since the concentration of water is lower inside the cell than ou...... from the internal to the external surface of the biological membrane or lipid bilayer in which it is embedded. Extraction of a transmembrane protein in the absence of a detergent will result in aggregation and precipitation of the protein. A hydrophobic domain of the protein resides in the oily core......ensional shape that they are able to perform their biological function. The tertiary structure that a protein assumes to carry out its physiological role inside a cell is known as the native state or sometimes the native conformation . A protein assumes tertiary structure by " folding ". An important type ......ogy is an academic field that seeks to integrate biological data as an attempt to understand how biological systems function. By studying the relationships and interactions between various parts of a biolo......system interconnect. They are thus crucial to the biological computations that underlie perception and thought....embrane potential of the synapse. It is subject to biological regulation. The variability of synaptic strength is often referred to as synaptic plasticity . On......to: 1) The connective supportive framework of a biological cell , tissue , or organ . 2) The fluid filled area of a chloroplast outside of the thylakoid membranes wherein the light-independent reactions ( Calvin Cycle and Carbon fixation ) of photosynthesis take place.......cells with two different sets of DNA . From the biological point of view, these points mean the blastocyst is not yet an individual. Blastocysts are an early developmental stage far from possessing a nervous system , and thus biologically speaking do not have feelings . Some ethicists and religious f......ogy is the study of the architecture and shape of biological macromolecules -- proteins and nucleic acids in particular--and what causes them to have the structures they have. This subject is of great interest to biologists, because macromolecules carry out most of the functions of a cell , and because ty...
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
...s were specifically designed while considering the biological causes of depression. SSRIs are frequently prescri...ct not well understood Some say that the supposed biological causes of depression, which SSRIs were designed for, have never in fact been proven scientifically. ...... 1 Definitions of species 2 Importance in biological classification 3 Implications of assignment of...e, and still retains an important place within the biological sciences, particularly in the case of plants. The biological species or isolation species co......pically based on any of the Darwinian theories of biological evolution . Most of these ideas share the hypothesis that speciation occurs when a parent species (also referred to as a common ancestor) splits into two (or more) reproductively-isolated populations, each of which then accumulates changes from sexu......e critics had greatly overstated the degree of his biological determinism. Wilson's claims that he had never mea...y are memes . Sociobiology is concerned with the biological basis of human behaviours, while memetics treats humans as products not only of biological evolution......ology , the skeleton or skeletal system is the biological system providing support in living organisms. (By extension, non-biological outline structures such as gantries or buildings may also acquire skeletons.) Skeletal systems are commonly divided into three types - external (an exoskeleton ), intern......t is perhaps most commonly used in the context of biological reproduction and sex : Sexual reproduction is a biological process by which organisms create descendants through the combination of genetic material. These or......ce a sequence has on phenotype, or to discover its biological function, researchers may engineer a change or disruption in it -- by site-directed mutagenesis , for example, by deletion of a gene by gene knockout (as can be done in some organisms, such as yeast and mice ) -- and only afterwards look for th......n monoxide . Redox reactions in biology Much biological energy is stored and released by means of redox r... the balance of NAD + /NADH and NADP + /NADPH in a biological system such as a cell or organ. The redox state is reflected in the balance of several sets of metab...... van Valen to the discussion of arms races in the biological theory of evolution by natural selection. The recognition of a simple example of a biological arms race (from Richard Dawkins ) can be achieved by considering the contrast between two adaptatio......and has been applied to several different types of biological systems. A cellular proteome is the collection o...the collection of proteins in certain sub-cellular biological systems. For example, all of the proteins in a virus can be called a viral proteome. The proteome i......een several similar structures in performing their biological function. In the context of these functional rearr...folded conformation, each conformation has its own biological activity and only one conformation is considered to be the active, or native conformation. The two ...... changing its amino acid sequence) can alter its biological properties. The actual creation of the prion protein is still carried out by the ribosome , while the infectious form of the prion protein only transfers the pathological conformation to the proteins synthesized by the cell. A breakthrough occurr......ts are arranged. While the primary structure of a biological polymer to a large extent determines the three-dimensional shape that the molecule assumes in vivo, knowing it often doesn't help a person either to deduce this shape (known as the tertiary structure ) or to predict localized structuring, such as th...... individuals in one or several populations , and biological and environmental processes influencing those changes. Population dynamics is the dominant branch of mathematical biology , which has a history of more than 200 years. The early period was dominated by demographic studies such as the work of ...A component of every biological cell , the selectively permeable cell membrane (or plasma membrane or plasmalemma ) is a thin and structured bilayer of phospholipid and protein molecules that envelopes the cell . It separates a cell's interior from its surroundings an......which is the result of selective absorption. Some biological material has so-called structural color, which is the result of selective reflection or iridescence , usually done with multilayer structures. Unlike structural color, pigment color is the same for all viewing angles. Nearly all types of cells, su......a versatile source of chemical energy used in most biological processes. Note, however, that the light reaction ...hain . This is a series of proteins embedded in a biological membrane that transfers high-energy electrons from one to another, accomplishing various activities...... on living organisms . The field encompasses many biological phenomena, including photosynthesis , visual processing , circadian rhythms , and ultraviolet radiation effects. There are numerous professional societies devoted to the study of photobiology, the largest of which are the American Society for P......cules. The lipid bilayer is the foundation of all biological membranes , and is a prerequisite of cell-based life . Within a critical range of concentrations, certain kinds of lipids alone in a test tube of water will self-organize to form a "bilayer". The bilayer is composed of two opposing layers of li......yelin . Phospholipids are a major component of all biological membranes , along with glycolipids and cholesterol . Contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Phosphoglycerides 1.1 Phosphatidyl choline 1.2 Phosphatidyl ethanolamine 1.3 Phosphatidyl inositol 1.4 Phosphatidyl serine 1.5 D......s are proteins that adhere only loosely to the biological membrane with which they are associated. These molecules do not span the lipid bilayer core of the membrane, but attach indirectly, typically by binding to integral membrane proteins , or by interactions with the lipid polar head. Therefore the s...Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a molecular biological technique for amplifying (creating multiple cop... or yeast . PCR is commonly used in medical and biological research labs for a variety of tasks, such as the detection of hereditary diseases , the identifica...... is conducted to prove that a man is or is not the biological father of another individual. This may be relevant in view of rights and duties of the father. Similarly, a maternity test can be carried out. This is less common, because at least during childbirth , it is obvious who the mother is. This ca......usion of water plays such an important role in the biological functioning of any living being, a special term has been coined for it -- osmosis. Water molecules "stick" together via weak hydrogen bonds; therefore, unlike most solutes, water molecules move around in large clumps, a phenomenon known as bulk ...... hosts , and the relationship between them. As a biological discipline , the scope of parasitology is not determined by the organism or environment in question, but by their way of life. This means it forms a synthesis of other disciplines, and draws on techniques from fields such as cell biology , bioinfor......itric acid cycle . The process takes place at a biological membrane . In prokaryotes this is the plasma membrane , and in eukaryotes it is the inner of the two mitochondrial membranes . NADH and FADH 2 , electron carrier molecules that were "loaded" during the citric acid cycle, are used in an ......n monoxide . Redox reactions in biology Much biological energy is stored and released by means of redox r... the balance of NAD + /NADH and NADP + /NADPH in a biological system such as a cell or organ. The redox state is reflected in the balance of several sets of metab...... ). Such changes are presumed to have little or no biological effect. A second assertion or hypothesis of the neutral theory is that most evolutionary change is the result of genetic drift acting on neutral alleles . A new allele arises typically through the spontaneous mutation of a single nucleotide wi......learning is also a division of neuroscience. The biological study of the human brain is an interdisciplinary...ion of neurotransmitters at the synapse ; the biological mechanisms that underlie learning (both declarative learning and motor learning ); how genes......e also that the above law need not apply solely to biological organisms; it applies to all organisms that reprod...ation does not rule out selection occurring at all biological levels (e.g. gene, organism, group). Finally, note that the particular process of introducing new t......many niche applications outside of the medical and biological fields such as rock permeability to hydrocarbons ...n MRI measures the diffusion of water molecules in biological tissues. Following an ischemic stroke , brain cells die, trapping water molecules inside them (cell......urements from shapes . In most cases applied to biological topics in the widest sense. Schools of morphometrics are characterized by what aspects of biological "form" they are concerned with, what they choose to measure, and what kinds of questions they ask of......itional scientific classification schemes in the biological sciences has been dramatic as well. Work that was once immensely labor- and materials-intensive can now be done quickly and easily. As a result many branches of the phylogenetic tree have been disassembled and reassembled into patterns based on molec...... topics The study of macromolecules important in biological inheritance forward and reverse genetics screens RNA interference gene knockout transgenics and overexpression mapping, cloning, and sequencing gene expression measuring spatial and temporal regulation cDNAs imprinting ba......or Mendel 's theory of genetics as the basis for biological inheritance. Major figures in the development of the modern synthesis include Ronald Fisher , Theodosius Dobzhansky , J.B.S. Haldane , Sewall Wright , Julian Huxley , Ernst Mayr , George Gaylord Simpson and G. Ledyard Stebbins . Essentiall......ess of using data on the molecular constitution of biological organisms' DNA , RNA , or both, in order to resolve questions in systematics, i.e. about their correct scientific classification or taxonomy from the point of view of evolutionary biology . Molecular systematics has been made possible by the ......an. It is concerned particularly with the forms of biological molecules and ..... is predominantly three-dimensi...") 1 Relationship to other "molecular-scale" biological sciences 2 Techniques of molecular biology 2.1 Expression cloning 2.2 Polymerase chain re......n of certain types of food, medical substances and biological weapons. See also Nanobacterium External links Integrated Microbial Genomes draft and completed genomes from the U.S. Department of Energy Microbe News from Genome News Network BBC News, 28 September, 2001: The microbes that 'rul......ic consequences of environmental heterogeneity for biological control." Bulletin of the Entomology Society of America , 71 , 237-240 Hanski, I. Metapopulation Ecology Oxford University Press. 1999. ISBN 0198540655......excretion of nitrogen in organisms as well as the biological processes of the biogeochemical nitrogen cycle : Urea cycle , important for excretion of nitrogen as urea. Biological nitrogen fixation Nitrogen assimilation Nitrification Denitrification History The first controlled ex......s of genetics in 1865, the prevailing theory of biological inheritance was that of blending inheritance, in which the sperm and egg of parent organisms contained a sampling of the parent's "essence" and that they somehow blended together to form the pattern for the offspring. This theory accounted for t......f academic study which aims at modelling natural, biological processes using mathematical techniques and too...has both practical and theoretical applications in biological research. Contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Research 2 Bibliographical refere......e .Marine environments are the home to many exotic biological materials that may inspire biomimetic materials . ... a watery environment it means that very different biological functions have evolved . Fish anatomy includes two chamber heart , operculum , secretory cells t......iological techniques necessary for elucidating the biological underpinnings of learning in animals. These skills would not come until the latter half of the 20th century, at about the same time as the discovery of long-term potentiation. Discovery of long-term potentiation LTP was first discover......r of different species which often serve similar biological functions. These gene families typically encode functionally related proteins , and sometimes the term gene families is a shorthand for the sets of proteins that the genes encode. They may or may not be physically adjacent on the same chromosome ......atively water-insoluble or nonpolar compounds of biological origin, including waxes , fatty acids , fatty-ac...ps. While phospholipids are the major component of biological membranes, other lipid components like sphingolipids and sterols (such as cholesterol in animal cell......on and transport of lipids throughout the body. As biological membranes are integral to living cells and are lar...ogy . Furthermore, lipases are involved in diverse biological processes ranging from routine metabolism of dietary triglycerides to cell signaling and infla......vers (both natural and manmade), including their biological , physical , chemical , and hydrological aspects. Franois-Alphonse Forel (1841-1912) established the field with his studies of Lake Geneva . Limnology traditionally is closely related to hydrobiology , which is concerned with the application ...Other ContentsmastectomymastectomymedialmedialmedialmedialmedialmastoidmastoiditismasturbationmasturbationmeibomianmegaloblasticOther TagsweakenAnyAnyAnyAnyAnyAnyinteractinteractinteractinteractinteractstatisticalpartpartpartpartpartpartparttracktracktracktracktracktrackreportingreportingtreatsEveEveEveEveEveEveEveEveOther Tagsneonatal 2neonatal 3neonatal 4neonatal 5neonatal 6reason 2reason 3reason 4reason 5reason 6reason 7reason 8reason 9reason 10colds 2colds 3erectile 2erectile 3erectile 4erectile 5breath 2breath 3breath 4breath 5breath 6breath 7blame 2blame 3blame 4blame 5blame 6blame 7amazing 2amazing 3amazing 4
(Date:7/25/2008)...8) New research published in the July issue of th...ows elevated plasma DNA is a reliable marker of re... that plasma DNA levels rise before clinical evide...ts. , Esophageal cancer, one of the leading ca...ed at a late stage. An accurate marker for detecti...
(Date:7/24/2008)...es and growing demand for bio-fuels and hydro-elec...the greatest threats today to the preservation of ...ers look for new areas for agriculture, energy cro...ng pressures to convert wetlands is vital to avoid...vices essential to humanity, including safe, stead...
(Date:7/24/2008)...bulk up plants just as they do human athletes, but...enes to boost growth and development in plant cell... cells. A new study by plant biologists at the Car...ach called proteomics to identify key links in the...plant hormones activate genes could lead not only ...
(Date:7/24/2008)... a telescope promise to make it easier for people ...ies requiring sharper distance vision. Schepens Ey...tages of these innovative glasses over earlier dev... of Journal of Biomedical Optics , mailed in pri...design has several advantages," says the inventor ...
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