analysis

X-ray crystallography

... Nobel Prize in Chemistry . The X-ray diffraction analysis of myoglobin was originally motivated by the observation of myoglobin crystals in dried pools of blood on the decks of whaling ships. X-ray crystallography played a major role in elucidating the double-helix structure of DNA . See Rosalind Frankli...

Trait

...anism. However, the most useful traits for genetic analysis are present in different forms in different individuals. A visible trait is the final product of many molecular and biochemical processes. In most cases, information starts with DNA traveling to RNA and finally to protein (ultimately af...

Structural biology

...he membrane topology predicted by hydrophobicity analysis . See: protein structure prediction . See also: primary structure , secondary structure , tertiary structure , quaternary structure , structural domain , structural motif , protein subunit , cooperativity , chaperonin , structural ge...

Secondary structure

...so than the actual sequence. This fact aids in the analysis of non-coding RNA sometimes termed "RNA genes". ...ications use some notion of secondary structure in analysis of RNA. See also : primary structure — tertiary structure — quaternary structur...

Proteomics

...y cannot be fully characterized by gene expression analysis alone, making proteomics a useful tool for charact...al chromatography (COFRADIC). Protein sequence analysis . This is more of a bioinformatic branch, dedicated to searching databases for possible protein or p...

Prion

... a molecular level comes from detailed biochemical analysis of yeast prion proteins. A typical yeast prion proteins contain a region ( protein domain ) with many repeats of the amino acids glutamine (Q) and asparagine (N); these Q/N-rich domains form the core of the prion's structure. Ordinarily, pri...

Primer

...edia . External links NetPrimer -- primer analysis program...

Polymerase chain reaction

...g PCR through amplification of the viral DNA. This analysis is possible right after infection, which can be fr...lso on human DNA, in applications ranging from the analysis of Egyptian mummies to the identification of a Russian tsar . Genotyping of specific mutation...

Paternity testing

...e mother is. This can best be achieved by DNA analysis of the three individuals, although older methods have included ABO blood group typing , analysis of various other proteins and enzymes , or using HLA antigens . For the most part however, DN...

Neurospora crassa

...nd has a haploid life cycle that makes genetic analysis simple since recessive traits will show up in the offspring. Neurospora was used by Edward Tatum and George Wells Beadle in their experiments for which they won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . Beadle and Tatum exposed N. crassa to...

Neuroscience

...aging, recording of action potentials, and careful analysis of behavior. Neurobiology of disease - This field, directly aligned with medical research, is interested in curing any diseases associated with the nervous system. Other related and overlapping fields include: Aphasiology Brain imag...

Lineweaver-Burke diagram

...rke plot is considered inferior to other models of analysis such as the Eadie-Hofstee plot ....

Karyotype

...oscopy through an interferometer and a computer analysis (spectral imaging ) See also genome screen External links Try making a karyotype yourself , from the University of Utah's Genetic Science Learning Center...

Infertility

...me causes of male infertility can be determined by analysis of the ejaculate , which contains the sperm . The analysis includes counting the number of sperm and measuring their motility under a microscope : Produc...

Human Genome Project

...n the field of genomics (especially in sequence analysis ), as well as huge advances in computing technolog...ods used to produce the draft sequence, as well as analysis of said sequence. These drafts are hoped to provide a 'scaffold' of about 90% of the genome upon wh...

Human

...re a common matrilineal ancestor . A mathematical analysis of mitochondrial DNA from thousands of living individuals suggests that the matrilineal lines for the people analyzed converges on one ancestor called Mitochondrial Eve (ME) who lived in Africa about 200,000 years ago. That is, ME is claimed to be ...

Growth curve

... research is an area of biology where growth curve analysis [1] plays an important role. In many types of cancer, the rate at which tumors shrink following chemotherapy is related to the rate of tumor growth before treatment. Tumors that grow rapidly are generally more sensitive to the toxic effects tha...

Genetics

...igation of the function of a particular gene, e.g. analysis of genetic interactions . Within organisms , gen...nce have been demonstrated. From his statistical analysis Mendel defined a concept that he described as an allele , which was the fundamental unit of hered...

Genetic fingerprinting

... restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis is performed by using a restriction enzyme to cu...of amplification and specially made primers. AFLP analysis is now highly automated, and allows for easy creation of phylogenetic trees based on comparing indiv...

Fungus

...1993. Evolutionary relationships within the fungi: analysis of nuclear small subunit rRNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 1:231 241. Hawksworth, D. L. 1991. The fungal dimension of biodiversity: magnitude, significance, and conservation. Mycological Research 95:641-655. Hawksworth, D. L...

Free energy

... free energy . Physicists carry out more abstract analysis of systems which are not necessarily fluid. In that context, the Helmholtz free energy is more common, and it is also directly related to the partition function of a canonical ensemble in statistical mechanics . In the isothermal-isobaric en...

Francis Galton

... He also invented the questionnaire , regression analysis , composite photography (layering images upon one another to create what he considered a 'mean' image), the correlation , and twin studies. His statistical heir, Karl Pearson , wrote a three-volume biography of Galton after his death. He also ...

Evolution

...ontologists investigate evolution largely through analysis of fossils. Phylogeny , the study of the ancestry of species, has revealed that structures with similar internal organization may perform divergent functions. Vertebrate limbs are a common example of such homologous structures . A vestigial org...

Eugenics

...Mendelian" school applied combinatorial methods of analysis to problems concerning the resemblance between parents and offspring—a way of conceptualizing heredity that would concentrate on a "height factor" rather than concentrating on average or individual heights. By the 1930s, however, these had been...

Endosymbiotic theory

...t closely related to cyanobacteria. DNA sequence analysis and phylogeny suggests that nuclear DNA contains genes that probably came from the chloroplast. Some genes encoded in the nucleus are transported to the organelle, and both mitochondria and chloroplasts have unusually small genomes compared to ot...

Endosymbiont

..., metabolic requirements, etc.) but phylogenetic analysis indicates that these symbionts belong to the alpha...d (2) after the Buchnera genome was sequenced, analysis uncovered a large number of genes that likely code for amino acid biosynthesis genes; most bacteria ...

Endosymbiont

..., metabolic requirements, etc.) but phylogenetic analysis indicates that these symbionts belong to the alpha...d (2) after the Buchnera genome was sequenced, analysis uncovered a large number of genes that likely code for amino acid biosynthesis genes; most bacteria ...

Culture

...rary criticism . This was in order to focus on the analysis of subcultures in capitalist societies. Following the nonanthropological tradition, cultural studies generally focus on the study of consumption goods (such as fashion , art , and literature ). Because the 18th- and 19th-century distinction ...

Bioinformatics

...e") 1 Major research areas 1.1 Sequence analysis 2 Computational evolutionary biology 2.1 Gene expression analysis 2.2 Protein expression analysis 2.3 Structure prediction 2.4 Modeling biological systems 2.5...

Cladistics

...cludes genetic analysis, biochemical analysis, and analysis of morphology , treelike relationship-diagrams ...racter states. Cladistic methods Typically, an analysis begins by collecting information on certain features of all the organisms in question. Features may ...

Chromatography

...oring chemical reactions and for the qualitative analysis of reaction products. TLC plates are made by mixing the adsorbent with a small amount of inert binder like calcium sulfate (gypsum) and water, spreading the a thick slurry on the carrier, drying the plate, and activation of the adsorbent by heat...

Chi-square test

...oximately chi-square tests; e.g., F -tests in the analysis of variance and t -tests are likelihood-ratio tests, but the test statistic does not have a chi-square distribution under the null hypothesis. Yates' chi-square test , or Yates' correction for continuity Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test linea...

Biophysics

...etwork theory, population modeling, phylogenetical analysis . Medicine and neuroscience - tackling neural networks experimentally (brain slicing) as well as theoretically (computer models), membrane permitivity, gene therapy, understanding tumors. Pharmacology and physiology - channel biology, biomo...

Biomechanics

Biomechanics is the analysis of the mechanics of living organisms . The analysis can be carried forth on multiple levels, from the molecular , wherein molecular biomaterials such ...

Biochemistry

... techniques allowed for the discovery and detailed analysis of many molecules and metabolic pathways of the cell , such as glycolysis and the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle). Today, the findings of biochemistry are used in many areas, from genetics to molecular biology and from agriculture to m...

Bioinformatics

...e") 1 Major research areas 1.1 Sequence analysis 2 Computational evolutionary biology 2.1 Gene expression analysis 2.2 Protein expression analysis 2.3 Structure prediction 2.4 Modeling biological systems 2.5...

Biology

...igation of the function of a particular gene, e.g. analysis of genetic interactions . Within organisms , genetic information generally is carried in chromosomes , where it is represented in the chemical structure of particular DNA molecules . Genes encode the information necessary for synthesizing p...

Archaea

...he eukaryotic nucleus determined by rate-invariant analysis of rRNA sequences. Nature 331 184–186. Woese, Carl R.; Fox, George E. (1977). Phylogenetic Structure of the Prokaryotic Domain: The Primary Kingdoms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 74 (...

Ames test

... mutation not caused by the agent; therefore, data analysis using control dishes is necessary. Occasionally a tested agent will be toxic enough to simply kill the bacterial culture in which case a "thin lawn" is observed. S-9 In some Ames assays an S-9 mix is added. The S-9 mix contains liver enzymes ,...