Diabetes mellitus

... Most of the carbohydrates in food are rapidly digested to glucose , the principal sugar in ... sugary to eat or drink as these symptoms can be rapidly reduced if treated early enough. In the case of ... not patent their discovery and insulin therapy rapidly spread around the world. The distinction ...

Growth curve

... tumor growth before treatment. Tumors that grow rapidly are generally more sensitive to the toxic effects ... that attempt to replicate their DNA and divide. A rapidly growing tumor will have more actively dividing ... The remaining cancer cells begin to proliferate rapidly and cancer chemotherapy is started. Many tumor ...

Foot and mouth disease

... foot-and-mouth disease is characterized by high fever that declines rapidly after two or three days; blisters inside the mouth that lead to excessive ... called Coxsackie A . Because FMD rarely infects humans but spreads rapidly among animals, it is a much greater threat to the agriculture industry ...

Insulin

... absorption rates. Glucose from some foods is absorbed more (or less) rapidly than the same amount of glucose in other foods. And, fats and proteins ... in an insulin analog is slightly modified so that they are absorbed rapidly enough to mimic real beta cell insulin (Lilly's is 'lispro', Novo ...

Parthenogenesis

... to changing environments. Asexual lineages can increase their numbers rapidly because (since individuals are always female) everyone can produce viable ... crustacean Daphnia reproduces by parthenogenesis in the spring to rapidly populate ponds, then switches to sexual reproduction as the intensity of ...

Synapse

... of which enables signalling molecules known as neurotransmitters to pass rapidly from one cell to the other by diffusion . This gap is sometimes called ... of transmitter molecules into the synaptic cleft, the neurotransmitter is rapidly cleared from the space for recycling by specialized membrane proteins in ...

Antibiotic

... species of mold and other organisms revealed a hitherto unknown level of chemical warfare being carried out against bacteria. New antibiotics were rapidly discovered and came into widespread use, and a new era of research into the possibility of similarly "magic" chemotherapeutic cures for other ...

Barbiturate

... . Symptoms include slurred speech, loss of motor coordination, and impaired judgment. Depending on the dose, frequency, and duration of use, one can rapidly develop tolerance , physical dependence, and psychological dependence to barbiturates. With the development of tolerance, the margin of safety ...

Bone

... a relatively high surface area, but forms a smaller portion of the skeleton. Bone can also be either woven or lamellar . Woven bone is put down rapidly during growth or repair. It is so called because its fibres are aligned at random, and as a result has low strength. In contrast lamellar bone has ...

Cancer

... is various possible ways, e.g. with the duplication of DNA or the seperation of newly formed chromosomes . Most forms of chemotherapy target all rapidly dividing cells and are not specific for cancer cells. Hence, chemotherapy has the potential to harm healthy tissue, especially those tissues that ...

Chromatography

... Synge were awarded the Chemistry Nobel Prize "for their invention of partition chromatography". [1] The technology of chromatography advanced rapidly throughout the 20th century. Researchers found that the priciples underlying Tsvet's chromatography could be applied in many different ways, giving ...

DNA

... bases, viruses that carry single-stranded DNA genomes mutate more frequently than they would otherwise. As a result, such species may adapt more rapidly to avoid extinction. The result would not be so favorable in more complicated and more slowly replicating organisms, however, which may explain why ...

Warm-blooded

... to being warm blooded you are committed to it. When the core temperature of a warm blooded animal does change, even by a few degrees, the animal will rapidly lose its ability to function. The advantage of being cold blooded is that you need much less food. This means that you can survive famine, long ...

Eugenics

... the post-Nazi years In the years after the experience of Nazi Germany , many of the ideas about "racial hygiene" and "unfit" members of society rapidly were renounced publicly by members of the scientific community and politicians alike. The Nuremberg trials against former Nazi leaders revealed to ...

Flagellum

... bacteria have a single flagellum each on two opposite ends (only one end's flagellum operates at a time, allowing the bacteria to reverse course rapidly by switching which flagellum is active). Peritrichous bacteria have flagella projecting in all directions. Some species of bacteria (those of ...

HeLa

... lines. It has been claimed that a substantial fraction of in vitro cell lines are actually HeLa, their original cells having been overwhelmed by a rapidly growing population derived from HeLa contaminant cells. It has been estimated that the total mass of HeLa cells far exceeds that of the rest of ...

Lineweaver-Burke diagram

... constant , v max is the maximum reaction velocity, and [ S ] is the substrate concentration . The Lineweaver-Burke plot is useful for rapidly identifying important terms in enzyme kinetics, such as K m and v max . For instance, the y-intercept of such a graph is equivalent to the inverse ...

Monoclonal antibody

... is a B-cell cancer). This fusion is done by making the cell membranes more permeable. The fused hybrid cells (called hybridomas ) will multiply rapidly and indefinitely (since they are cancer cells after all) and will produce large amounts of antibodies. The hybridomas are sufficiently diluted and ...

Muscle

... body's energy consumption. Muscles store energy for their own use in the form of glycogen , which represents about 1% of their mass. This can be rapidly converted to glucose when more energy is necessary. Nervous control Efferent leg Vertebrates move muscles in response to voluntary and ...

Nervous system

... Thus it is the system that animates "animals" ( sponges are an exception). Chemicals that target the activity of nerves generally are the most rapidly acting toxins , typically causing paralysis and/or death. Contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Anatomy 2 Vertebrate ...

Nutrition

... time consuming which accounts for why a proper science of human nutrition is rather new. History and recent developments This new science has rapidly expanded. Vitamins were first written about in 1912, by Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, who was knighted and received the Nobel Prize in 1929 for his ...

Plant

... the flowering plants , were the last major group of plants to appear, emerging from within the gymnosperms during the Jurassic and diversifying rapidly during the Cretaceous . These differ in that the seed embryo is enclosed, so the pollen has to grow a tube to penetrate the protective seed coat; ...

Plant

... the flowering plants , were the last major group of plants to appear, emerging from within the gymnosperms during the Jurassic and diversifying rapidly during the Cretaceous . These differ in that the seed embryo is enclosed, so the pollen has to grow a tube to penetrate the protective seed coat; ...

Plasmolysis

... or sugary solution , so that water is lost by osmosis . If onion epidermal (outer) tissue is immersed in a solution of calcium nitrate , cells rapidly lose water by osmosis and the protoplasm of the cells shrinks. This occurs because the calcium and nitrate ions freely permeate the cell wall ...

Prion

... between unrelated colonies. One such protein, called HET-S, adopts a prion-like form in order to function properly. The prion form of HET-S spreads rapidly throughout the cellular network of a colony and can convert the non-prion form of the protein to a prion state after compatible colonies have merged. ...

Pseudopod

... , are thin pseudopods contain complex arrays of microtubules and are enveloped by cytoplasm . Axopodia are responsible for phagocytosis, by rapidly retracting in response to physical contacts. Reticulopodia , also known as reticulose pseudopods , are complex formations where individual ...

Punctuated equilibrium

... In the peripheral region itself, we might find direct evidence of speciation, but such good fortune would be rare indeed because the event occurs so rapidly in such a small population." An unstated supposition is that, through competition, the descendant species eliminates the ancestral species. The ...

Systems biology

... to consider or develop hypotheses that aim to describe the system. Inconsistencies or gaps between such hypotheses and the supporting data may be rapidly uncovered and resolved. ...