Genetics

... and animals. In modern research, genetics provides important tools in the investigation of the function of a particular gene, e.g. analysis of genetic ... code and such tools of cloning as restriction enzymes , the avenues of investigation open to geneticists were greatly broadened. Some classical genetic ideas ...

Biology

... Genetics is the science of genes , heredity , and the variation of organisms . In modern research, genetics provides important tools in the investigation of the function of a particular gene, e.g. analysis of genetic interactions . Within organisms , genetic information generally is carried in ...

Biomechanics

... on each level, but precise details demand the use of Continuum Mechanics . Some simple examples of biomechanics research include the investigation of the forces that act on limbs, the aerodynamics of bird and insect flight , the hydrodynamics of swimming in fish and locomotion in ...

Cancer

... above list has a substantial differential diagnosis (it may be associated with unrelated diseases). Often, cancer is an unexpected finding during investigation for much more common symptoms, while others are diagnosed through screening (see below). Types of cancer Cancers originate within a single ...

Carnivore

... This article deals with meat-eating animals. The Federal Bureau of investigation has an e-mail tapping system named Carnivore . There also is a thrash metal band from New York named Carnivore . Carnivores are ...

Classical genetics

... in breeding for plant improvement . After the discovery of the genetic code and such tools of cloning as restriction enzymes , the avenues of investigation open to geneticists were greatly broadened. Some classical genetic ideas have been supplanted with the mechanistic understanding brought by molecular ...

Escherichia coli

... (abstract only) Coliform Bacteria and Nitrogen Fixation in Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent Treatment Systems - by Dr. F. Archibald (full text) investigation of a UK outbreak by Brian Deer ...

Genomics

... it. Conservation also suggests that sequence has functional significance. It may be a protein coding sequence or regulatory region. Experimental investigation of some of these sequences has shown that some are transcribed into small RNA molecules, although the functions of these RNAs were not ...

Insulin

... delivery are being developed in the research labs as this is written. None is currently close to clinical approval. Inhaled insulin is under active investigation as are several other, more exotic, techniques. Dosage and timing The central problem for those requiring external insulin is picking the ...

Marine biology

... producers of the sea, to the huge cetaceans (or whales) which reach up to a reported 33 meters (109 feet) in length. The habitats included by investigation in marine biology include everything from the tiny layers of surface water in which organisms and abiotic items may be trapped in surface tension ...

Neuroscience

... - This field studies the ways in which the ectodermally-derived nervous system gets organized in the adult animal. The primary subjects of investigation are the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the zebrafish Danio rerio . Cognitive neuroscience and systems neuroscience - These two ...

Neutral theory of molecular evolution

... has failed, and researchers may reasonably assume that selection has acted on the sequences in question. Thus such tests contribute to the ongoing investigation into the extent to which molecular evolution is neutral. See also Molecular evolution Unified neutral theory of biodiversity ...

Protein

... word] πρωτειοξ, because it appears to be the primitive or principle substance of animal nutrition." investigation of proteins and their properties had been going on since about 1800 when scientists were finding the first signs of this, at the time, unknown class ...

Proteomics

... in three-dimensional space. Common methods are x-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy . Interaction proteomics . This concerns the investigation of protein interactions on the atomic, molecular and cellular levels Protein modification . Almost all proteins are modified from their pure ...

Systems biology

... into subsystems until a level of description has been reached in which the subsystems may be understood to an appropriate degree. This might require investigation down to the molecular level in the extreme case. ...