Artificial life
... chemistries (AC), agent-based models , and
cellular automata (CA).
Artificial life is a meeting ... of the cells in an infinite grid -- the first
cellular automaton . It was extraordinarily complicated ... professor John Conway invented the most famous
cellular automata in the 1960s . He called it the Game ...
Cellular respiration
...
cellular respiration is, in its broadest definition, the ... 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy
In
cellular respiration, this oxidation process is broken ... makes for a total gain of 38 ATP molecules during
cellular respiration under optimal conditions; however, ...
Cytoskeleton
... The cytoskeleton is a
cellular " scaffolding " or " skeleton " contained, as all ... of vesicles and organelles, for example) and
cellular division.
Contents ... just beneath the plasma membrane, as they keep
cellular shape, form cytoplasmatic protuberancies (like ...
Morphogenesis
... along with the control of cell growth and
cellular differentiation . Morphogenesis is concerned with ... of the syncytial blastoderm converting it to a
cellular blastoderm.
Wingless morphogen
The ... cells to stabilize Engrailed expression after the
cellular blastoderm forms. The reciprocal signaling by ...
Evolution
... fossils, research into the evolution of the basic
cellular processes is also done largely by comparison of ... organisms share certain traits, including the
cellular structure, and the genetic code . Most ... which had already developed the most fundamental
cellular processes, but there is no scientific consensus ...
Immunology
... components of the immune system are actually
cellular in nature and not associated with any specific ... scientic theory.
The study of molecular and
cellular components that comprise the immune system, ... of which is further divided into humoral and
cellular components .
The mainstay of classical ...
Insulin
...
2 Structure and production
3 Actions on
cellular and metabolic level
4 Regulatory action on ... muscular layer of the arteries .
Actions on
cellular and metabolic level
The actions of insulin on the global human metabolism level include:
cellular intake of certain substances, most prominently ...
Mathematical biology
... Modeling dynamic phenomena in molecular and
cellular biology . C.U.P., 1984. ISBN 052127477X
F. ...
A. Goldbeter, Biochemical oscillations and
cellular rhythms . C.U.P., 1996. ISBN 0521599466
E. ... computing , biostatistics ,
cellular automata , excitable medium , Ewens's sampling ...
Mitochondrion
... .
Mitochondria are sometimes described as "
cellular power plants ", because their primary function ... mitochondria is to convert organic materials into
cellular energy in the form of ATP , mitochondria play an ... -mediated excitotoxic neuronal injury
cellular proliferation
Regulation of ...
Mitochondrion
... .
Mitochondria are sometimes described as "
cellular power plants ", because their primary function ... mitochondria is to convert organic materials into
cellular energy in the form of ATP , mitochondria play an ... -mediated excitotoxic neuronal injury
cellular proliferation
Regulation of ...
Mitosis
... microtubules (which may be thought of as
cellular ropes or poles) and forming mitotic spindles . ... by cytokinesis or cleavage , where the
cellular membrane pinches off between the two newly ... replication takes place without nuclear or
cellular division, resulting in cells with many copies of ...
Morphogenesis
... along with the control of cell growth and
cellular differentiation . Morphogenesis is concerned with ... of the syncytial blastoderm converting it to a
cellular blastoderm.
Wingless morphogen
The ... cells to stabilize Engrailed expression after the
cellular blastoderm forms. The reciprocal signaling by ...
Neuroscience
... of study, from the molecular level through the
cellular level (individual neurons ), the level of ... - In principle, there is no distinction between
cellular and molecular biology of the brain and of any ... system and the rest of the body, both in terms of
cellular functions and the goals of the field, ...
Prion
... X" hypothesis) is that an as-yet unidentified
cellular enzyme (Protein X) catalyzes the conversion of ... of this fungus can merge together and share
cellular contents such as nutrients and cytoplasm. A ... form of HET-S spreads rapidly throughout the
cellular network of a colony and can convert the non-prion ...
Signal transduction
... . Sensing in all forms of life depends, at the
cellular level, on signal transduction.
Contents ... converts the extracellular signal to an intra
cellular one.
Intracellular signalling molecules in ... second messengers .
Intercellular
Inter
cellular communication is accomplished by extracellular ...
Mitosis
... microtubules (which may be thought of as
cellular ropes or poles) and forming mitotic spindles . ... by cytokinesis or cleavage , where the
cellular membrane pinches off between the two newly ... replication takes place without nuclear or
cellular division, resulting in cells with many copies of ...
Virus
... and taking over other cells as they lack the
cellular machinery for self reproduction. The term virus ...
3.1 Viruses as tools for exploring basic
cellular processes
3.2 Viruses as tools for genetic ... Some small viruses are more efficient than most
cellular life forms as their ratio of functions to working ...
Adenosine triphosphate
... acids . ATP molecules are also used to store the energy plants make in
cellular respiration .
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1 ...
Synthesis
ATP can be produced by various
cellular processes, most typically in mitochondria by oxidative phosphorylation ...
Bioinformatics
... biology
Systems biology involves the use of computer simulations of
cellular subsystems (such as the networks of metabolites and enzymes which ... networks ) to both analyze and visualize the complex connections of these
cellular processes. Artificial life or virtual evolution attempts to understand ...
Biophysics
... and physiology - channel biology, biomolecular interactions,
cellular membranes, polyketides.
Physics - biomolecular free energy, ...
Topics in biophysics and related fields
animal locomotion
cellular biophysics
channels , receptors and transporters
...
Cancer
... tumor cells than those which divide less, for example neurons .
In
cellular model systems , cells are exposed to carcinogenic influences (chemicals, ... Tumor cells keep dividing forever.
Altered morphology .
Building of
cellular clusters ( foci ).
Loss of contact inhibition .
Low or no need for ...
Cell biology
... Cell biology (also called
cellular biology or cytology ) is an academic discipline which studies the ... following ways:
Cell fractionation
Flow cytometry
Release of
cellular organelles by disruption of cells.
Separation of different organelles by ...
Cell growth
... to larger sizes in larger cells. If a cell becomes too large, the normal
cellular amount of DNA may not be adequate to keep the cell supplied with RNA . ... four special daughter cells ( gametes ) which have half the normal
cellular amount of DNA. A male and a female gamete can then combine to produce ...
Bioinformatics
... biology
Systems biology involves the use of computer simulations of
cellular subsystems (such as the networks of metabolites and enzymes which ... networks ) to both analyze and visualize the complex connections of these
cellular processes. Artificial life or virtual evolution attempts to understand ...
Crista
... including ATP synthase and a variety of cytochromes , and function in
cellular respiration . They provide more surface area for
cellular respiration to happen.
...
DNA
... carrying genetic instructions for the biological development of all
cellular forms of life and many viruses . DNA is sometimes referred to as the ... and the amino-acid sequence of the protein is determined by simple
cellular rules of translation , known collectively as the genetic code . The ...
Electrophysiology
... of this flow and the potential changes related to them.
At the
cellular level, these include so-called passive recording as well "patch-clamp" ... in unmyelinated axons down to 100 nm.
There are four main types of
cellular electrophysiological recordings:
1. Intracellular recording. This ...
Gamete
... of the two gamete nuclei , and after multiple cell divisions and
cellular differentiation , a zygote develops , first into an embryo , and ... be produced in the gonadal tissue through meiosis —a process of
cellular division that reduces the number of sets of chromosomes from two to one ....
Gene
... as DNA, but some viruses carry only RNA. Because they use RNA, their
cellular hosts may synthesize their proteins as soon as they are infected and ... one another on a chromosome may encode proteins that figure in the same
cellular process or in completely unrelated processes. As an example of the former, ...
Glycome
... of the CFG, see above).
Related topics
Human Glycome Project
cellular adhesion
cellular communication
See also
List of omics topics in biology
...
Long-term potentiation
... hippocampus by Terje Lmo in 1966 and is commonly regarded as the
cellular basis of memory .
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1 ... of a reverberatory activity (or "trace") tends to induce lasting
cellular changes that add to its ... When an axon of cell A is near ...
Meiosis
... events in meiosis
Meiosis (a Greek word meaning "decrease") is a
cellular process that forms the basis for sexual reproduction , together with ... chromoses are kept together by recombination nodules ), there is
cellular growth and genetic transcription (and so chromosomes are seen less ...
Metabolism
... pathways that breakdown complex molecules into simple compounds:
cellular respiration , metabolic pathways that create energy ( ATP and NADPH ) ... of life .
Biodegradation
External links
Metabolism,
cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis - The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and ...
Passive transport
... cell membrane via special carrier proteins that are embedded within the
cellular membrane. A lot of large molecules, such as glucose, are insoluble in ... the complex will then be bonded to a receptor site and moved through the
cellular membrane. Bear in mind, however, that facilitated diffusion is a passive ...
Proteome
... and has been applied to several different types of biological systems. A
cellular proteome is the collection of proteins found in a particular cell ... be conceptualized as the complete set of proteins from all of the various
cellular proteomes. This is very roughly the protein equivalent of the genome . ...
Reverse genetics
... is Morpholino antisense oligos. While RNAi acts by directing
cellular systems to degrade target messenger RNA (mRNA), Morpholinos bind and block access to the target mRNA without requiring the activity of
cellular proteins and without necessarily accelerating mRNA degradation. ...
Vacuole
... , wherever solutes go, water follows. This pressure is also helpful for
cellular elongation: when the cell wall is degraded (not entirely) by the action of ... another function is that it pushes all the cell's cytoplasm against the
cellular membrane, and thus keeps the chloroplasts closer to light.
The ...
Virus classification
... of viruses arise because one of the two strands of DNA in which all
cellular life forms store their genetic information is redundant, so that viruses ... or - polarity).
The taxonomy of viruses is similar to that of
cellular organisms:
Order ( -virales )
Family ( -viridae )
Subfamily ( ...
Actin
... Actin is a globular protein that polymerize helicaly forming actin filaments (or microfilaments ), which like the other two components of the
cellular cytoskeleton form a three-dimensional network inside an eukariotic cell . Actin filaments provide mechanical support for the cell, determine the ...
Active transport
... molecules across a membrane. Most of the enzymes that perform this type of transport are transmembrane ATPases . A primary ATPase universal to all
cellular life is the sodium-potassium pump , which helps maintain the cell potential .
Secondary
In secondary active transport, there is no direct ...