Heterozygote

... question. In some cases a mixture of normal and abnormal proteins is produced. In other cases, the abnormal allele may produce no protein at all. If the ... skin or bone matrix, a mixture of normal or abnormal products usually ...

Apoptosis

... and immune responses. The link between TNF and apoptosis shows why an abnormal production of TNF plays a fundamental role in several human diseases, ... will be relevant to maintain the vitality of cells used for cell therapy. abnormal apoptosis and clearance of apoptotic cells is a fundamental factor in the ...

Chromosome

... may lead to a higher chance of having a child with an chromosome disorder. abnormal numbers of chromosomes or chromosome sets, Aneuploidy , may be lethal or ... People with Turner syndrome often have a short stature, low hairline, abnormal eye features and bone development and a "caved-in" appearance to the ....

Blood

... elements to tissues and to remove waste products (such as carbon dioxide and lactic acid ). Blood also enables cells ( leukocytes , abnormal tumor cells) and different substances ( amino acids , lipids , hormones ) to be transported between tissues and organs. Problems with blood ...

Full blood count

... electrical impedance . Because an automated cell counter samples and counts so many cells, it gives a very precise estimate. However, with certain abnormal cells in the blood, they may be identified incorrectly, and not be as accurate as a manual count. Automated blood counting machines include the ...

Cancer

... to hyperplasia, microscopic examination of a biopsy specimen can detect another type of noncancerous condition called "dysplasia." Dysplasia is an abnormal type of excessive cell proliferation characterized by loss of normal tissue arrangement and cell structure. Often such cells revert back to normal ...

Diabetes mellitus

... tested for it by tasting the urine themselves, a scene occasionally depicted in Gothic reliefs. It is probably important to note that passing abnormal amounts of urine is a symptom shared by several diseases (most commonly of the kidneys ), and the single word diabetes is applied to many of them. ...

Ploidy

... of the procedures used by Japanese researchers to produce Kaguya the fatherless mouse. Aneuploidy Aneuploidy is when a cell contains an abnormal or non-integer ploidy number. This may lead to problems in cell development. Most forms of aneuploidy in humans are lethal, but trisomy (three ...

Ploidy

... of the procedures used by Japanese researchers to produce Kaguya the fatherless mouse. Aneuploidy Aneuploidy is when a cell contains an abnormal or non-integer ploidy number. This may lead to problems in cell development. Most forms of aneuploidy in humans are lethal, but trisomy (three ...

Klinefelter's syndrome

... for the symptoms of Klinefelter's syndrome. In adults, the syndrome is characterised by gynecomastia (enlarged breasts), a rounded body type with abnormal body proportions, sparse facial and body hair , small testes , and an inability to produce sperm . Most XXY males have some degree of language ...

Kidney

... infection of the kidneys and is frequently caused by complication of a urinary tract infection . Azotemia is a toxic condition characterized by abnormal and dangerously high levels of urea, creatinine, various body waste compounds, and other nitrogen-rich compounds in the blood. Hydronephrosis is ...

Marfan syndrome

... height and limb proportions, Marfan syndrome may produce other skeletal symptoms. Curvature of the spine ( scoliosis ) is a common problem, as is abnormal indentation ( pectus excavatum ) or protrusion ( pectus carinatum ) of the sternum . These symptoms may in turn cause unusual pressure on the heart ...

Neuron

... the axon in sections about 1 mm long, punctuated by unsheathed nodes of Ranvier . Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disorder which results from abnormal demyelination of peripheral nerves. Neurons with demyelinated axons do not conduct electrical signals properly. Neurons and glia make up the two ...

Redox

... sets of metabolites (e.g., lactate and pyruvate , beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate ) whose interconversion is dependent on these ratios. An abnormal redox state can develop in a variety of deleterious situations, such as hypoxia , shock , and sepsis . See also Bioremediation ...

Patau syndrome

... during the formation of reproductive cells (eggs and sperm). An error in cell division called nondisjunction can result in reproductive cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes. For example, an egg or sperm cell may gain an extra copy of chromosome 13. If one of these atypical reproductive cells ...

Redox

... sets of metabolites (e.g., lactate and pyruvate , beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate ) whose interconversion is dependent on these ratios. An abnormal redox state can develop in a variety of deleterious situations, such as hypoxia , shock , and sepsis . See also Bioremediation ...

Tumor

... meaning. Tumor meaning swelling is one of the five classical characteristics of inflammation . However, the term is now primarily used to denote abnormal growth of tissue . This growth can be either malignant or benign . Malignant tumors are called cancer . Cancer has the potential to invade ...

Twin

... result of her genetic abnormality, the girl will suffer from Turner syndrome , which is distinguishable by short stature, folds of skin at the neck, abnormal development of secondary sexual characteristics , and an intellectual deficit known as space-form blindness . Turner syndrome can occur in any birth ...