( edle-free vaccines * The World Health...)Apollo develops needle-free topical vaccine,Health

* The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 12 billion injections are given annually, and that 5% of these are immunisations[1]

* The development of needle-free delivery systems for vaccines has been named one of the Grand Challenges in Global Health[2]

* Needles are associated with an increased risk of infection, especially in developing countries, where there are problems with needles being reused and issues with waste management and disposal[3]

* Needle free delivery systems would make vaccines easier to deliver[4]

* Compliance would be significantly improved, with people more likely to avoid an injected vaccine because of fear and pain associated with the needle[5]

* Topical vaccines are cheaper and easier to transport and store non-injected medicines, increasing access to vaccines[6]

* Needle stick injuries are a significant problem in both developed and developing countries. It is estimated that 5 in every 100 injections worldwide result in a needle-stick accident. The introduction of needle-less vaccines would significantly reduce the risk to health care workers[7]

* Some progress has been made with oral polio, cholera and rotavirus vaccines. But diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, varicella, measles, mumps, rubella, tuberculosis and yellow fever are all still injectable vaccines[8]

* The current market for vaccines is worth approximately $9 billion globally with a 10-12% annual growth rate[9]

* Apollo Life Science is trialling transdermal delivery of different vaccines, and has had success with initial pre-clinical trials of a needle-free tetanus vaccination

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