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Disease incidence and type 26
Drug formulation 26
Transport and distribution 27
Advantages and disadvantages of parallel trade 29
Key advantages of parallel trade 29
Key disadvantages of parallel trade 31
Quality and safety concerns: the risk of counterfeiting 32
Parallel traders: building bridges for portfolio services 34
Extent of parallel trade in European markets 35
Denmark 37
Germany 38
France 38
Netherlands 39
Norway 39
Spain 39
United Kingdom 41
Direct-to-pharmacy distribution 42
Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme 2009 43
Recent legislation on parallel trade in Europe 44
Importance of stakeholder support 46
Chapter 2 PT in North America: A crossborder growth industry 48
Summary 48
Pharmaceutical importation in the US 49
The legal framework: past and present 49
2003 Medicare reform bill and Canadian imports 50
Recent legislature on importation 53
Scope of parallel importation in the US 54
Online pharmacies and parallel distribution 56
Unapproved imports in Canada 61
Chapter 3 Counterfeits and the global pharmaceutical supply distribution chain 64
Summary 64
Introduction 65
The extent of counterfeiting - a global analysis 66
Factors driving counterfeit trade 67
Counterfeits in developed countries: recent evidence 70
European Union 70
United Kingdom 71
France 72
Germany 73
Italy 73
Netherlands 73
Recent enforcement action in the EU 74
North America 76
Canada 77
Counterfeits in developing countries 78
Counterfeiting in Africa, Asia, Midd
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