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Lipases 75
Oxidoreductases 76
Nitrilases 78
Epoxide hydrolases 78
Hydroxynitrile lyases 78
Aldolases, glycosidases, and glycosyltransferases 79
Amidases 80
The synthesis of chiral amines 80
A comparison of chemical and biocatalysis routes 81
Chapter 6 Case histories of biocatalysis 82
Summary 82
Introduction 83
Specific case studies 83
Pregabalin 83
Aliskiren 84
Posaconazole 85
Ribavirin 86
Beta-lactam antibiotics 87
Biocatalysis in GW's antiviral program 88
Lamivudine 88
Zanamavir 89
Indinavir 91
Aprepitant 92
Paroxetine 92
Levetiracetam 92
Examples of whole-cell biotransformations in drug manufacturing 92
Chapter 7 Industrial enzymes from extremophiles 96
Summary 96
Extremophiles – a largely unexplored resource for industry 97
Case history of a potential industrial enzyme 100
Examples of extremozymes for the pharmaceutical industry 100
The future of extremophile research and its applications 104
Chapter 8 The way forward 106
Summary 106
Introduction 107
Reducing waste 108
A whole-industry approach 108
Making more enzyme tools available 109
Enzymes for pharma – a growing market? 110
Chapter 9 Enzyme companies and their products 112
Summary 112
Introduction 113
Aquapharm Biodiscovery (Oban, UK) 114
ArcticZymes AS (Tromso, Norway) 115
Codexis (Redwood City, CA) 115
DSM Pharmaceutical Products (Parsippany, NJ) 116
Dyadic International Inc (Jupiter, FA) 117
Genecor (Copenhagen, Denmark) 117
Novozymes (Bagsvaerd, Denmark) 118
Specialty Enzymes and Biotechnologies (Chino, CA) 119
ZyGEM Corporation (Hamilton, New Zealand) 119
Appendix 120
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