( arned expectations. Inputs attempt to m...)iSTART Brain Model Reveals the possible Cause of Autism,Health

arned expectations. Inputs attempt to match expectations which helps prompt the brain to anticipate input/expectation patterns. ‘When a match occurs, the system locks into a resonant state that drives how we learn to recognize things; hence the term adaptive resonance,’ explained Grossberg.

The degree of match that is required for resonance to occur is set by a vigilance parameter which controls whether a particular learned representation will be concrete or abstract. Low vigilance allows for learning of broad abstract recognition categories, such as a category that is activated by any face; high vigilance forces the learning of specific concrete categories, such as a category that is activated by a particular view of a familiar friend's face. iSTART proposes that individuals with autism have their vigilance fixed at such a high setting that their learned representations are very concrete, or hyperspecific. ‘Hypervigilance leads to hyperspecific learning which perpetuates a multitude of problems with learning, cognition, and attention,’ said Grossberg. The second model, called the Cognitive-Emotional-Motor, or CogEM, model, extends ART to the learning of cognitive-emotional associations, or associations that link objects and events in the world to feelings and emotions that give these objects and events value. Under normal circumstances, arousal of the circuits in the brain that control emotion are set at an intermediate level. Either under-arousal or over-arousal of these circuits can cause abnormal emotional reactions and problems with cognitive-emotional learning.

‘If the emotional center is over-aroused, the threshold to activate a reaction is abnormally low, but the intensity of the emotion is abnormally small,’ said Grossberg. ‘In contrast, if the emotional circuits are under-aroused, the threshold for activating an emotion is abnormally high, but when this threshold is exceeded, the emotional response can be over reactive. The iSTART mode
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