To understand the health implication when tiny particles in the air is inhaled, University of Rochester Medical Center scientists demonstrated that when rats inhale// , nano-sized particles quickly traverse the pathway and make it to many regions in the brain. This study is published in the August issue of Environmental Health Perspectives. There were also evident changes in gene expression, which the researchers found, that could signal inflammation and a cellular stress response, but they are still unclear if accumulation of these tiny particles could result in brain damage.

According to a press release by Eureka Alert, the study tested manganese oxide ultrafine particles at a concentration typically inhaled by factory welders. The manganese oxide particles were the same size as manufactured nanoparticles, which are controversial and being diligently investigated because they are the key ingredient in a growing industry -- despite concerns about their safety.

Nanotechnology is a new wave of science that deals with particles engineered from many materials such as carbon, zinc and gold, which are less than 100 nanometers in diameter. The manipulation of these materials into bundles or rods helps in the manufacturing of smaller-than-ever electronics, optical and medical equipment. The sub-microscopic particles are also used in consumer products such as toothpaste, lotions and some sunscreens.

Some doctors and scientists are concerned about what happens at the cellular level after exposure to the ultrafine or nano-sized particles, and the University of Rochester is at the forefront of this type of environmental health research. In 2004 the Defense Department selected the University Medical Center to lead a five-year, $5.5 million investigation into whether the chemical characteristics of nanoparticles determine how they will interact with or cause harm to animal and human cells.

In the current study, the particles pas
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