ajor limitation of the surgical procedure is that it is highly dependent on the skill of the operator. Poor results in some centers have been reported, and surgical expertise to perform pediatric video-assisted thorascopic surgery is limited to a few major centers in the United Kingdom.
The researchers estimated that in 2005, the number of pneumonia cases that progressed to empyema was approximately 6,600 in the U.S. and 1,080 in the U.K. If intrapleural urokinase was used as the first line of treatment for pediatric empyema in each of these cases, it would have resulted in a health care savings of $15 million in the U.S., and $2.5 million in the U.K.
In an editorial on the research in the same issue of the journal, Julian L. Allen, M.D., and Peter Mattei M.D., of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, wrote: The authors are to be congratulated in designing and carrying out this careful study. One would certainly say that, on a cost basis, urokinase is the better choice if the therapies are equivalent in every other way. However, their recommendations that urokinase is the treatment of choice depends on the clinical equipoise (equilibrium) that their study demonstrated.
One concern about this study is that while groups treated with video-assisted thorascopic surgery and fibrinolysis are closely matched, there may have been small differences. The editorialists then noted that certain findings seem to point to slightly worse disease in the surgical study group. Also, since certain clinical factors were not reported by the researchers, there could be even more distinguishing characteristics between the two treatment groups.
A second concern is that the length of stay after intervention, total length of stay and failure rates are surrogate outcomes, subjectively determined by the attending physician, who is not blinded to the treatment arm. Other important outcomes in
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