( ary condition in which individuals are ...)DNA and clones,Health

ary condition in which individuals are born without an iris. Geneticists know it is caused by mutations within the PAX6 gene, and while there is nothing wrong with the gene itself, as soon as it is broken and rejoined or inverted - as soon as its spatial condition changes in the nucleus - the condition arises."For the first time, thisenables us allows us to think about how human genetic diseases can result not just by mutating gene sequences, but also by placing genes in the incorrect environment," she said.

It might also suggest why so much of the human genome is 'junk DNA'. DNA is made up of four bases that code for hereditary characteristics, known as genes. Humans have some three billion bases, but one of the surprises of the Human Genome Project is that humans were found to have between 30,000 and 50,000 genes. Scientists had expected closer to 100,000.

Some scientists have suggested that introns, or the remaining non-coding DNA, are not junk at all. In yeast and fruit flies, scientists have observed genes being shut down by being shuffled from the centre of the nucleus to the periphery. "You might 'turn off' a gene by taking from the centre to the edge," she said.


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