( Two studies associated with smoking hav...)Consequences Of Smoking On Fractures & Ligament Injuries,Health

Two studies associated with smoking have resulted in delayed healing in mice. It is quite shocking to know that over 8.6 million illnesses //in U.S., having harmful effects on variety of orthopedic conditions are reported annually due to Cigarette Smoking. Studies have proved that the toxins contained in cigarette can undermine fracture and ligament repairs following injuries. In addition, smokers are highly prone to hip fractures, healing problems, bone infections and soft tissue wound healing.

Two new studies, funded by the National Institutes of Health and the National Football League Charities, examined the effects of smoking on fractures and ligament healing in mice and found that healing of both types of injury was delayed. The studies are published in the December 2006 issue of the Journal of Orthopaedic Research (http://www.interscience.wiley.com/
journal/jor), the official journal of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

Led by Hossam B. El-Zawawy of the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, MO the first study involved 35 mice divided into a smoking group, which was exposed to cigarette smoke 6 days per week for a month, and a control group. Surgery was performed on all the mice to achieve a simple fracture. Researchers used type II collagen expression as a marker of cartilage formation (chondrogenesis) during healing. They found that smoking delayed fracture healing and that it began at the early stages of the healing process, although over time it did not inhibit normal healing. Specifically, they were able to show that there was a delay in the development of mature cartilage cells in the mice exposed to cigarette smoke. This was the first study to analyze the molecular and cellular mechanisms of fracture healing in mice exposed to smoke.

The authors note that while the study shows a clear relationship between smoking and cartilage formation, smoking probably has other effects on fracture healing, which sho
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