Scientists show how a neuron gets...( Ask a simple question get a simple a...),Health

Ask a simple question, get a simple answer: When Abraham Lincoln was asked how long a man's legs should be, he absurdly replied, "Long enough to reach the ground." Now, by using a new microscopy technique to watch the growth of individual neurons in the microscopic roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, Rockefeller University researchers are turning another deceptively simple question on its head. They asked, "How long should a worm's neurons be?" And the worms fired back, "Long enough to reach their targets."

The researchers' surprising result: Rather than growing like the branches of a tree extending outward certain neurons work backward from their destination, dropping anchor and stretching their dendrites behind them as they crawl away. The work, led by Shai Shaham, head of the Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, and Maxwell Heiman, a research associate in the lab, not only addresses an age-old question of how neurons get their shape, but is also changing the way scientists think about the genetic program that wires the brain and allows it to grow throughout development.

"When I came to the lab, I thought that you would build a brain just like you would a house," says Heiman. "The cell would measure the distance between its cell body and its target and then specify a dendrite of that length. Now, I'm not thinking about that kind of physical map at all. I think of a connectivity map, where what's programmed are these connections among neurons and between neurons and their anchoring points."

Since they were interested in how neurons get their shapes, Heiman and Shaham used a chemical to randomly mutate genes and then screened through thousands of animals for ones whose neurons were shaped abnormally. They specifically looked at a group of 12 sensory neurons whose dendritic tips converge at the worm's nose in a sensory organ called the amphid. These dendritic tips collect information from the outside environment and give the worm cues
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