en a questionnaire assessing their number of friends and relatives and how frequently contact was made with the members of their social networks. Patients rated levels of pre- and postoperative pain intensity and unpleasantness, as well as postoperative levels of anxiety, depression, relaxation, and inner peace using visual analogue scales. Daily opiate use, postoperative complications, and length of stay were also evaluated. The study found that patients reporting a smaller social network had higher preoperative pain intensity, unpleasantness, and anxiety (p<0.001).