veral brain regions are highly heritable and small brain volumes, presumably related to reduced function, in the hippocampus may increase stress reactivity or impair the capacity for resilience. He adds that findings from this study suggest that volume reductions in [the anterior cingulate cortex] associated with PTSD arise as a consequence of stress exposure rather than emerging as a heritable trait, leaving one to conclude that the extent to which particular genes and environmental exposures interact to shape the development of the brain thus appears to be complex and region-specific.