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G. Vjial, M. Lamor, V. Pop and G. Bican, Doping Control Laboratory, Bucharest, Romania
Introduction
Corticosteroids are a class of components often abused and misused in sport. They are very potent drugs in the treatment of inflammations and asthma [1]. Corticosteroids can have an effect on the nervous system and can improve an athletes ability to concentrate and perform in endurance and power events [2,3]. Moreover, corticosteroids can alleviate pain in general. To prevent their misuse related to euphoria and pain suppression, the anti-doping governing bodies are restricting the use of corticosteroids. Systemic use of corticosteroids is forbidden in all circumstances. However, when medically necessary, local and intra-articular injections or dermatological preparations are allowed under the approval of a therapeutic use exemption [4].
The samples collected for doping control are mainly urine samples because large sample volumes can be collected in a non-invasive way. Therefore, the abuse of corticosteroids is analyzed using urine samples.
A simple and sensitive LC/MS/MS method for the screening of 17 corticosteroids is described below. The method is able to detect corticosteroids from the doping control urine samples at 20 ng/mL below the WADA minimum required performance level (MRPL), which is 30 ng/mL.
Instrumentation
Varian ProStar 430 AutoSampler
Varian ProStar 210 Solvent Delivery Modules
Varian 1200L LC/MS equipped with Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization (APCI) source
Harvard Syringe Pump model 11 Materials and Reagents
Standards of corticosteroids, from Sigma-Aldrich, USA Methanol, gradient grade for liquid chromatography, from Merck, Germany
Water supplied by a Simplicity 185 ultrapure water system, from Millipore, Great Britain< /p>
α-glucuronidase from E. Coli K12, from Roche Diagnostics, Germany
All other chemicals are pro analysis or HPLC grade
Sample Preparation
The samples are prepared by a standard procedure for steroids. A 2 mL urine sample is transferred in a tube. A 40 μL aliquot of a 10 ppm desoximetasone (internal standard) solution, 1 mL phosphate buffer 0.8M pH 7.0 and 25 μL beta-glucuronidase are added, the mixture is vigorously vortexed and kept for 1 hour at 50 C for enzymatic hydrolysis. (The enzymatic hydrolysis step is needed since the corticosteroids are mainly excreted in a conjugated form with the glucuronic acid). Adding 750 μL of 20% buffer K2CO3/ KHCO3 (1:1), which brings the pH around 9, stops the hydrolysis. Next, 5 mL of tertbutylmethylether is added, and the mixture shaken for 15 min. After centrifugation, the organic layer is transferred to another tube and evaporated to dryness. The remaining residue is dissolved in 100 μL mobile phase (20:80, solvent A / solvent B). Then, 10 μL is injected in LC/MS/MS [5].
Results and Discussion
In order to develop the MS parameters, 10 ppm solutions of each corticosteroid were prepared in a 20% buffer A / 80% methanol mixture. The mixture was meant to mimic the mobile phase that would elute with the compound of interest in an actual LC/MS analysis. The 10 ppm solutions were directly injected in the APCI with a syringe pump at a 50 μL/min rate. First, the most appropriate precursor ion was selected from the parent scan, and the capillary voltage was optimized for its highest abundance. Second, the product ions were selected and the collision energies optimized by the MS/ MS breakdown automatic procedure.
Two MS/MS product ions, instead of one, are used to monitor each corticosteroid in ord er to better eliminate the false positives. Only cortisone and hydrocortisone, which are endogenous corticosteroids, are monitored with one ion. Three ions were not used in order not to increase the scan time. The confirmation of the positive sample can be done by a confirmation method specific for the suspected corticosteroid monitoring at least three of its MS/MS transitions.
Particular care was taken to separate the prednisolone from cortisone. The two corticosteroids have the same molecular masses, and cortisone gives an abundant peak on the transition (-) 419.2>329 of prednisolone. The triamcinolone acetonide-flunisolide and fluorometholone-desoximethasone pairs also share their transitions, but are separated by their retention times. The epimeres betamethasone and dexamethasone have similar retention times and mass spectra, and they could not be separated in the LC/MS conditions described.
Figure 1 (page 3) shows the LC/MS analysis of a blank urine sample spiked with 20 ng/mL of each corticosteroid (except cortisone and hydrocortisone, which are endogenous) and 200 ng/mL internal standard. There are no matrix interferences, and the abundances and signal/noise ratios are satisfactory for all compounds of interest even with a standard gain of the detector. In order to increase the reliability of the result, the confirmation of a positive sample can be done with the detector set on high gain.
Conclusion
The LC/MS/MS method described in this application note is simple and sensitive. In one run this method can screen for 17 corticosteroids and easily detect them below the WADAs MRPL, 30 ng/mL. The Varian 1200L system proved to be an essential tool for a doping control laboratory.
References
1. Hardmann, J.G.; Limbird, E.J., The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (9th edn). New York, 1996
2. Polettini, A.; M arrubini Bouland, G.; Montagna, M.J.; J. Chromatogr. B 1998; 713:339
3. Cummiskey, J.; Glucocorticosteroids in Doping in Sport, Concerted Action in the Fight Against Doping in Sport (CAF-DIS), Dublin, 2002.
4. 2005 WADA Prohibited List 5. Deventer, K.; Delbeke, F.T., Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2003; 17:2107-2114
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