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RNA Interference and Gene Silencing: History and Overview

n worms, whereas experimental results refuting the model have been obtained from Drosophila embryo lysates (26, 27).

RNAi Initiators
Two C. elegans genes, rde-1 and rde-4 ("rde" stands for "RNAi deficient"), are believed to be involved in the initiation step of RNAi. Mutants of these genes produce animals that are resistant to silencing by injection of dsRNA, but silencing can be effected in these animals by the transmission of siRNA from heterozygous parents that are not silencing deficient. The C. elegans rde-1 gene is a member of a large family of genes and is homologous to the Neurospora qde-2 ("qde" stands for "quelling deficient") and the Arabidopsis AGO1 genes ("AGO" stands for "argonaute"; AGO1 was previously identified to be involved in Arabidopsis development). Although the function of these genes in PTGS is unclear, a mammalian member of the RDE-1 family has been identified as a translation initiation factor. Interestingly, Arabidopsis mutants of AGO1, which are defective for cosuppression, also exhibit defects in leaf development. Thus some processes or enzymes involved in PTGS may also be involved in development (1, 3, 17, 18).

RNAi Effectors
Important genes for the effector step of PTGS include the C. elegans rde-2 and mut-7 genes. These genes were initially identified from heterozygous mutant worms that were unable to transmit RNAi to their homozygous offspring (16). Worms wi
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