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ns present in the plasma or serum.
Proteomics is certainly a promising approach to revolutionize clinical diagnostics, improve prognosis, and lead to potentially life-saving medical treatments. However, it is very likely that genomics and proteomics will complement each other in establishing the most comprehensive approach to biomarker discovery and identification of therapeutic targets that will ultimately find clinical applications in the bedside.
1.3 The analytical challenge: Detecting the low abundance proteins
The presence of a large number of proteins in blood plasma makes human
plasma an excellent material for discovering biomarkers for potential
clinical diagnostics and therapeutics. However, it also represents a tremendous
analytical challenge because the estimated dynamic range of protein concentrations
in human serum may be up to 12 orders of magnitude [83-86]. Albumin, the
most abundant protein, constitutes over half of the plasma proteins and
is present at 30-50 mg/ml concentration. In contrast, most of the potential
biomarkers are secreted into the blood stream at very low copy number
[11,26,86-89], especially in the early onset of diseases [7,8,40,85,88].
For example, the cytokines and the prostate specific antigen (PSA) are
present in the low pg/ml levels. Based on this wide dynamic range, quantitation
of all proteins simultaneously in a single assay is enormously difficult.
The more abundant proteins will certainly mask the detection of the very
low abundance proteins.
The analytical challenge is further increased when we consider that the
very low concentrations of potential biomarker proteins in raw samples
are beyond the detection limit of most analytical instrume
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