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Impact of drug failure in last stage clinical trials 24
Case 1: Vicriviroc - Merck 25
Case 2: Flurizon – Myriad Pharmaceutical 26
Technologies influencing drug success ratio 26
Genomics 26
Proteomics 26
Pharmacogenomics 27
Nanotechnology 27
Emerging technology integration (biomarker and bioinformatics) 27
Impact of omics and increasing adoption of biomarkers in clinical trials 28
Key market drivers & restraints 29
Increasing presence of CROs 29
Biomarkers in oncology clinical trials 30
Genomics and proteomics developments 30
Cost and reliability issues 30
Patent analysis 30
Competitive landscape 32
Regulatory environment 35
Introduction 35
Role of FDA 35
European Medicines Agency 37
Regulatory impact on drug safety 38
Chapter 2 Biomarker activity at leading pharma companies 40
Summary 40
Trends in the biomarker market for late stage clinical trials 41
Ongoing biomarker late stage clinical trials 43
Abbott 43
Astra Zeneca 45
Bristol-Myers Squibb 47
Eli Lilly 48
GlaxoSmithKline 49
Merck & Co., Inc. 51
Novartis 52
Pfizer 53
Roche 54
Sanofi-Aventis 55
Overview of pharmaceutical sector and biomarker use 57
Overview of contract research organizations and biomarker use 58
Overview of biomarker industry and biomarker use 59
Chapter 3 Applications of biomarkers in clinical trials 62
Summary 62
Early stage clinical trials 63
Toxicity determination 63
Dosage level 66
Drug efficacy 68
Late stage clinical trials 68
Phase III 68
Phase IV 69
Competitive landscape for late stage clinical trials 69
Application by therapy area 72
Oncology 72
Cardiovascular 73
Neurological disorders 74
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