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of the PTI in 2008, compared to $16 million, or 0.4% of net sales, in
2007. Excluding these charges, gross margin improved due to a favorable
pharmaceutical product mix.
-- Marketing, selling and administrative expenses increased by 8% to $1.2
billion in the first quarter of 2008 compared to the same period in
2007, primarily due to unfavorable foreign exchange impact and higher
selling expenses in support of key products. General and administrative
expenses decreased from 2007 levels resulting from the company's
ongoing productivity initiatives, offset by implementation costs of the
initiatives.
-- Advertising and product promotion spending increased by 23% to $330
million in the first quarter of 2008 from $268 million in the same
period in 2007, primarily due to increased promotion of new indications
for ABILIFY(R) in the United States and Europe and increased investment
to support PLAVIX(R) and ORENCIA(R).
-- Research and development expenses increased 1% to $795 million in the
first quarter of 2008 from $791 million in the same period in 2007. The
increase primarily reflects increased development spending for pipeline
compounds partially offset by higher licensing upfront payments in
2007.
INCOME TAX
The effective tax rate on earnings from continuing operations before
minority interest and income taxes was 27.8% for the three months ended
March 31, 2008, compared with 8.0% in the first quarter of 2007. The first
quarter 2007 effective tax rate included $105 million of benefit due to a
favorable resolution of certain tax matters, including a $39 million
benefit related to a 2006 specified item. The company expects the full year
2008 non-GAAP effective tax rate from continuing operations to be in line
with the previously issued guidance of approximately
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