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Bioinformatic and single molecule detection 62
6. Role of Nanobiotechnology in Cytogenetics 63
Introduction 63
Nanobiology and the cell 63
Visualization on nanoscale 64
Application of AFM for biomolecular imaging 64
Future insights into biomolecular processes by AFM 64
Use of AFM for microdissection of chromosomes 65
Scanning probe microscopy 65
Near-field scanning optical microscopy 65
Multiple single-molecule fluorescence microscopy 66
Nanoscale scanning electron microscopy 66
Nanotechnology-based FISH 66
Study of chromosomes by atomic force microscopy 66
Quantum dot FISH 66
Nanobiotechnology for single molecule detection 67
Nanolaser spectroscopy for detection of cancer in single cells 68
Carbon nanotube transistors for genetic screening 68
Quantum-dots-FRET nanosensors for single molecule detection 69
3D single-molecular imaging by nanotechnology 69
Manipulation of DNA sequence by use of nanoparticles 69
Nanofluidic/nanoarray devices to detect a single molecule of DNA 69
Nanopore technology 70
Portable nanocantilever system for diagnosis 70
Nanobiosensors 71
7. Biomarkers and Cytogenetics 73
Introduction 73
Definitions 73
Biomarkers and cytogenetics 73
Cancer biomarkers 73
Technologies for detection of cancer biomarkers 74
Telomerase as a biomarker of cancer 74
Digital karyotyping for cancer biomarkers 74
Optical systems for in vivo molecular imaging of cancer 75
Circulating cancer cells in blood as biomarkers of cancer 75
Array CGH for biomarker discovery in cancer 76
Genetic biomarkers 76
8. Applications of Cytogenetics 77
Introduction 77
Applications of cytogenetics in research 77
Cytogenetics of embryonic stem cells 77
Geneti
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