Mechanism explains link between apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer...( Scientists have discovered a previou...)

Scientists have discovered a previously unknown mechanism by which apolipoprotein E, a molecule whose mutation is linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD), stimulates degradation of sticky amyloid beta (A?) protein within the brain. The research, published by Cell Press in the June 12 issue of the journal Neuron, may lead to a powerful new therapy for this devastating disease.

One of the primary characteristics of AD is the accumulation and deposition of neuron-damaging clumps of A? protein. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), a cholesterol transport protein, is known to be a key regulator of brain A? levels, and it is likely that processes that regulate ApoE activity will influence A? deposition and clearance. "An isoform of ApoE, ApoE4, has been shown to confer dramatically increased risk for late-onset AD; however, the basis for this remains one of the major unanswered questions of disease pathogenesis," writes study author Dr. Gary E. Landreth from the Alzheimer Research Laboratory at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine in Cleveland, Ohio.

Dr. Landreth and colleagues sought to unravel the link between ApoE, A? clearance in the brain, and an enhanced risk for AD. The researchers found that ApoE profoundly enhanced the intracellular and extracellular degradation of A?. This enhancement varied for different isoforms of ApoE with the ApoE4 isoform exhibiting an impaired ability to promote A? degradation when compared to other ApoE isoforms. The number of lipid molecules associated with ApoE was also critical to its ability to stimulate A? degradation. Activation of liver X receptors (LXRs) to enhance expression of lipidated ApoE significantly facilitated A? degradation. Importantly, use of an LXR agonist to increase lipidated forms of ApoE in a mouse model of AD resulted in reduced A? plaque levels and an improvement in contextual memory.

The results of this study document a major role for ApoE in the stimulation of A? degradation wit
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