MtDNA

Mutations in mtDNA cause human diseases.
A number of human diseases are caused by mutations in genes in our mitochondria:
cytochrome b
12S rRNA
ATP synthase
subunits of NADH dehydrogenase
several tRNA genes ...
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mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
Circular or linear DNA of the mitochondria. It codes for only a small but essential part of the mitochondrial proteins and for genes for tRNAs and rRNAs.
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Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) comparisons serve as a model for genome evolution and as a tool for reconstructing evolutionary relationships. Relative to the nuclear genome, this system has several advantages for a comprehensive sampling across life.
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We have undertaken genomic transplantation studies involving the transfer of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from PD patients with a complex-I defect to a novel nuclear background.
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Critics raised an important point about the inferences based on the mtDNA studies: it is based on only a single, independently evolving gene region.
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Wayne and Jenks, in a recent Nature, present a study of the mtDNA(mitochondrial DNA -- it's maternally inherited) of the endangered red wolf, Canis rufus. This species, once extending over a large range in the southeast, is now extinct in the wild.
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Amerind mtDNA suggests two waves of migration (one perhaps as old as 21-42 thousand years ago). The genetic model confirms the accepted ideas about human migration into the Americas and suggests a possible fourth wave.
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