Lichens

Lichens are fungi that live in a symbiotic association with an autotrophic green alga or cyanobacterium (the "photobiont") or — in some cases — both.
The fungal partner (the "mycobiont") in most lichens (98% of them) is an ascomycete.
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Lichens are symbiotic organisms made up by the association of microscopic green algae or cyanobacteria and filamentous fungi. There is evidence that lichens might involve a controlled form of parasitism of the algal cells.
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Lichens live on various surfaces: soil, trees, rocks, and walls. They are often the first to settle in places lacking soil, constituting the sole vegetation in some extreme environments such as found at high mountain elevations and at high latitudes.
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lichens: associations between the cyanobacteria and the fungi.
ligaments: the tough, fibrous tissues that link bones to one another.
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lichens Autotrophic organisms composed of a fungus (sac or club fungus) and a photosynthetic unicellular organism (e.g., a cyanobacterium or alga) in a symbiotic relationship; ...
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Cryptogams: nonvascular plants such as lichens and mosses that make up the ground or surface layer of vegetation.
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Nostoc punctiforme is a cyano-bacterium that enters into symbiotic associations with fungi and lichens; these relationships are relevant to carbon cycling and sequestration in tundra.
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In England before the Industrial Revolution trees are often covered with light colored lichens. As a result light moths were favored because they were hard to see on the bark of trees whereas the dark moths were easy to see; birds ate the dark moths.
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Tardigrada A phylum of animals whose members live in marine and freshwater sediments and in water films on terrestrial lichens and mosses. Possess four pairs of unsegmented legs and a proteinaceous cuticle. Water bears.
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Over the next 100 years, trees with dark trunks became dominant because lichens have difficulty growing in polluted environments. With a substantial increase in dark trees in urban areas, the dark form of the moth increased in abundance.
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tundra -- n. A vast, mostly flat, treeless Arctic region of Europe, Asia, and North America in which the subsoil is permanently frozen. The dominant vegetation is low-growing lichens, mosses, and stunted shrubs.
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(incl.
Neurospora
'bread
mold
' and Saccharomyces 'baker's yeast') and
Mycophycophyta
(incl. lichens). Some of them (
Basidiomycetes
) have one of the most ancient pheromone-based mating-type recognition systems. See ...
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