Gene duplication

Gene duplication occurs when an error in DNA replication leads to the duplication of a region of DNA containing a (generally functional) gene.
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Gene duplication in a diploid organism provides a second pair of genes so that one pair can be safely mutated and tested in various combinations while the essential functions of the parent pair are kept intact.
Possible benefits: ...
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Gene duplication occurs frequently in complex genomes; sometimes the duplicated copies degenerate to the point where they no longer are capable of encoding a protein.
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Gene duplication is important because it is a way to get new genes. Once a gene has been duplicated one copy can change while the other remains the same.
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Amplifications (or gene duplications) leading to multiple copies of chromosomal regions, increasing the dosage of the genes located within them.
Deletions of large chromosomal regions, leading to loss of the genes within those regions.
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Margaret Dayhoff proposed an ingenious solution to this rooting dilemma: using ancestral genes that are present in multiple copies in the same organism because of gene duplication.
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Novelty may arise through several methods including gene duplication and gene regulation. Gene duplication allows fixation of a particular cellular or biochemical function at one locus, leaving the duplicated locus free to fulfill a new function.
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A locus in two species is said to be paralogous when it has arisen by gene duplication in one species. Cf orthology.
For example, gene B1, which has arisen by gene duplication in species 2, is paralogous to gene B in species 1.
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template A pattern or mold guiding the formation of a duplicate; often used with reference to gene duplication.
temporary parasite Parasite that contacts its host only to feed and then leaves. Also called an intermittent parasite or micropredator.
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Pseudogene
A gene copy created by a gene duplication event that is no longer functional due to a disabling mutation.
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Dhh is most closely related to Drosophila hedgehog. Ihh and Shh are more related to one another, representing
a more recent gene duplication event.
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organisms have evolved mechanisms of gene amplification to provide gene products needed in large quantities. These mechanisms include:
Elaboration of small "extrachromosomal" units that replicate to high copy number (rDNA);
tandem gene duplications ...
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