Calcium stones

Calcium stones. Roughly four out of five kidney stones are calcium stones. These stones are usually a combination of calcium and oxalate, a compound that occurs naturally in some fruits and vegetables.
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Calcium stones are most common. They are two to three times more common in men, usually appearing at age 20 to 30. Recurrence is likely.
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Calcium stones in people who have too little citrate in their urine.
Uric acid stones or cystine stones in people who have urine that is too acidic.
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Causes of Calcium Stones
In general, calcium stones form when there are imbalances of components in the urine that either promote or inhibit formation of the stone.
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People who form calcium stones used to be told to avoid dairy products and other foods with high calcium content. But recent studies have shown that foods high in calcium, including dairy products, may help prevent calcium stones.
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In 50 percent of people with calcium stones, the stones form because of an increased level of calcium in the urine, which probably is inherited (genetic).
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The overall success rate of ESWL is about 85%. Stones in the lower pole of the kidney are less likely to pass. Very hard stones such as those made of cystine or certain kinds of calcium stones, may not fragment very well.
PCNL ...
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