Vertebrates

The Vertebrates
Chordata
During their embryonic development, all chordates pass through a stage called the pharyngula [View] with these features: ...
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Vertebrates, and a few invertebrates, have a closed circulatory system. Closed circulatory systems (evolved in echinoderms and vertebrates) have the blood closed at all times within vessels of different size and wall thickness.
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Vertebrates have been traced back to Myllokunmingia during the Cambrian explosion (530 million years ago).
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Vertebrates move muscles in response to voluntary and autonomic signals from the brain. Deep muscles, superficial muscles, muscles of the face and internal muscles all correspond with dedicated regions in the brain.
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vertebrates: animals with backbones.
vessels: the main conducting vessels of the xylem found in the angiosperms.
virus: fragments of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat; may attack cells and replicate within the cells, destroying them.
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Vertebrates moved onto the land by the Devonian period, about 380 million years ago. Ichthyostega, an amphibian, is the among the first known land vertebrates. It was found in Greenland and was derived from lobe-finned fishes called Rhipidistians.
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invertebrates Animals without backbones.
involucre Whorl of bracts that subtend a flower or an inflorescence.
involuntary Nervous system Stimulates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands of the body.
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In vertebrates, that portion of the trunk containing visceral organs except for heart and lungs; in arthropods, ...
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In vertebrates, the portion of the trunk containing visceral organs other than heart and lungs; in arthropods, the posterior portion of the body, made up of similar segments and containing the reproductive organs and part of the digestive tract.
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In vertebrates, Sonic hedgehog is involved setting up the dorsal/ventral, the back-to-front pattern of the nervous system. So telling one side from another is really what hedgehog signaling does in all different multi-cellular organisms.
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crop
In vertebrates, it is an expanded part of the esophagus where food is stored while in invertebrates it is an expansion of the anterior part of the gut system where food is either digested or stored.
Covered in Lab 12 Animal Diversity II ...
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: Jawed vertebrates, evolved following the jawless vertebrates (Class
Agnatha
). The oldest extant branch of jawed vertebrates is the
cartilaginous fish
.
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In man and other vertebrates, the situation is much less straightforward, even though exactly the same alphabet of letters is used. A human gene, consisting of a message roughly 2,000 letters long, is typically broken into submessages called "exons.
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larva -- Among invertebrates, an immature stage in the life cycle which usually is much smaller than, and morphologically different from, the adult. In insects with metamorphosis, the larva must become a pupa before reaching adulthood.
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In contrast to the fly, vertebrates have not one but three Ci-related proteins, designated Gli1, Gli2, and Gli3 (after glioblastoma), all of which have been implicated in mediating the activities of the various Hh proteins.
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Erythrocytes -- the hemoglobin-containing cell found in the blood of vertebrates. Euchromatin -- the chromatin that shows the staining behavior characteristic of the majority of the chromosomal complement.
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coli (Escherichia coli) A common bacterium found in the small intestine of vertebrates; the most well-studied organism. electrochemical gradient The sum of the gradients of concentration and of electric charge of an ion across a membrane.
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Animal - kingdom composed of multicellular organisms divided into two divisions: vertebrates and invertebrates, who obtain their food from external sources and reproduce sexually or asexually ...
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Two classes of intracellular lectins involved in glycoprotein trafficking are present in yeast, model invertebrates and vertebrates, and two other classes are present in vertebrates only.
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As in vertebrate vision, visual transduction in invertebrates occurs via a G protein-coupled pathway. However, in vertebrates the G protein is transducin, while the G protein in invertebrates is Gq (dgq in Drosophila).
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In vertebrates, this innermost layer of cells goes on to form the linings of the gut (esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, colon), pharyngeal pouch derivatives (tonsils,thyroid, thymus, parathyroid glands), lungs, liver, gall bladder, pancreas.
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Genes for the family of histone proteins are clustered near one another in Drosophila melanogaster (above) and other invertebrates.
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[L. strata - a layer; L. corneus - horny]. The outer layer of the epidermis of vertebrates. The layer is keratinized for protection from desiccation and foreign agents.
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Reverse Bohr effect. Effect that occurs when lactate builds up in the blood of certain invertebrates and pH decreases, increasing the affinity of hemocyanin for oxygen ...
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A group of taxa that includes an ancestral taxon but not all descendants of that taxon - e.g. "fish" is a paraphyletic group because it does not include the other vertebrates, which undoubtedly also derive from the ancestral fish species.
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microbial pesticides. Pesticides that consist of bacteria, fungi, viruses, or other microorganisms used for control of weeds, invertebrates, or plant pathogens.
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