Cofactors

cofactors: ions or molecules that associate with enzymes and are required for enzymatic reactions to take place.
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Cofactors that are organic molecules are coenzymes. In oxidation-reduction reactions, coenzymes often remove electrons from the substrate and pass them to other molecules.
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Most cofactors are either regenerated or chemically unchanged at the end of the reactions. Many cofactors are vitamin-derivatives and serve as carriers to transfer electrons, atoms, or functional groups from an enzyme to a substrate.
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Enzyme cofactors
Many enzymes require the presence of an additional, nonprotein, cofactor.
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eNOS is present in membrane caveolae and the cytosol and requires tetrahydrobiopterin, NADPH, FAD and FMN as additional cofactors for its activity.
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Many proteins require other proteins or cofactors for activity; and proteins involved in signal transduction, protein trafficking, cell cycle, and gene regulation must interact with other proteins in those processes.
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ENZYME database entries include the reaction catalyzed, cofactors, links to the PROSITE database (protein sites and patterns), and detailed SWISS-PROT entries. ENZYME database links are from protein products rather than from gene entries themselves.
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Cofactors are nonproteins essential for enzyme activity. Ions such as K+ and Ca+2 are cofactors. Coenzymes are nonprotein organic molecules bound to enzymes near the active site. NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).
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Coenzymes are generally defined as cofactors that are organic molecules. Many coenzymes are phosphorylated water-soluble vitamins. However, nonvitamins may also be coenzymes, such as heme coenzymes in catalytic hemoproteins.
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Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. Cofactors can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis.
cohesion
[L. cohaerere, to stick together] ...
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Several different classes of restriction endonucleases can be differentiated based upon their binding and cleavage sites and their required cofactors.
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holoenzyme A catalytically active enzyme including all necessary subunits, prosthetic groups, and cofactors.
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